MBR工艺处理粮油加工废水的研究

采用MBR(Membrane Bioreactor)工艺对粮油加工废水进行处理发现,污染物的去除是活性污泥和膜截留共同作用的结果,试验中微生物的去除作用占污染物总去除率的62.9%~88.1%,起主要作用。当系统的污泥负荷和容积负荷分别在0.4~0.54 kgCOD/kgMLSS.d之间和3.8~5.0 kgCOD/m3.d之间变化时,系统对COD的去除率在92.5%以上。本试验所用膜的临界膜通量为8~10 L/(m2.h),系统污泥浓度从1~2g/L增加到10~12g/L时,临界膜通量从10~12L/(m2.h)下降到了3~4 L/(m2.h),随着膜面流速从1.0m/s上升到1.8m/s,膜的临界通量也相应的从4~6 L/(m2.h)上升到了16~18 L/(m2.h),呈正相关。     

基于GIS的茂县水资源开发利用信息管理评价系统设计

为了实现对茂县水资源的高效利用,将水资源开发利用评价的知识与地理信息系统结合在一起,设计出一个基于GIS的水资源开发利用评价系统,从而对茂县的水资源合理利用和加大开发提供一个有力支持,以满足对茂县经济社会发展的要求。本文对该系统的需求分析、系统结构、数据、系统各功能、系统实现进行了说明。     

补充型过度捕捞的确认及其对渔业管理的启示

生物学参考点用来指导渔业管理决策,通常以捕捞死亡系数来表达。补充型过度捕捞常常被理解为一个种群被捕捞至补充量出现实质性减少或失败时才发生。该定义很含糊,不能建立生物学参考点,它与捕捞死亡系数挂钩。因此,提出从减少一个世代亲体量的捕捞压力水平出发,定义补充型过度捕捞即是捕捞死亡系数使产卵群体低于其亲代平均生物量的临界点。常规的模型和亲体补充量数据都可确定这一参考点,并与亲体量的更替联系起来,从而实现渔业资源的可持续发展。以印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业为例,计算了其补充型过度捕捞的生物学参考点,提出限制围网诱鱼装置作业,减少幼鱼资源的过度开发,防止补充型过度捕捞发生引起资源的衰退。     

合肥市城乡边缘带土地利用研究

简要分析了合肥市城乡边缘带土地的开发利用现状及存在问题,如农业用地和非农业用地矛盾突出,耕地资源迅速减少,土地浪费和污染现象严重等。针对合肥市城乡边缘带土地利用存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和措施:集约利用土地,实现土地的可持续利用;明确土地权属,综合整治环境污染;合理规划土地利用,加强土地执法监督;控制人口流量,严格保护耕地;科学制定城市土地利用规划,期望以此促进合肥市城乡边缘带土地的可持续利用。     

城市旅游的驱动机制和突变发展模式研究——以都江堰市经济开发区为例

运用概念性旅游规划的原理和技术路线分析了都江堰市经济开发区发展城市旅游的驱动机制,根据突变理论探讨了都江堰经济开发区的发展模式,为都江堰区域旅游地的整体整合和长远发展提供导向。     

物理场协同作用降解有机污染物研究进展

有机污染物是环境污染物的主要类型,通过物理场外加能量的作用可实现各种有机污染物的高效降解.对微波、超声波、紫外光、电场、磁场、等离子体这几类主要物理场相互协同降解有机污染物的研究现状进行综述,重点介绍了物理场协同作用降解有机污染物的机制、效果、影响因素及污染物类型,并展望了该类研究今后的应用前景和发展趋势.     

JX-400控制系统在湿法脱硫中的应用

利用JX-400过程分散控制系统(DCS),开发出300MW石灰石-石膏法脱硫控制系统,并对控制系统DCS的硬件配置、主要模拟量控制、顺序控制、辅助系统及烟气监测系统等作了简单介绍。     

Analysis of 3-year observations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 from a semi-rural site in China

In-situ measurements of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be used to the assess their global and regional emissions and to check for compliance with phase-out schedules under Montreal protocol and its amendments. The atmospheric mixing ratios of CFC-11 (CCl₃F), CFC-12 (CCl₂F₂) and CFC-113 (CCl₂F–CClF₂) have been measured by an automated in-situ GC-ECDs system at the regional Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Shangdianzi (SDZ), from November 2006 to October 2009. The time series for these three principal CFCs showed large episodic events and background conditions occurred for approximately 30% (CFC-11), 52% (CFC-12) and 56% (CFC-113) of the measurements. The mean background mixing ratios for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 were 244.8 ppt (parts per trillion, 10^?12, molar) 539.6 ppt and 76.8 ppt, respectively, for 2006–2009. The enhanced CFC mixing ratios compared to AGAGE sites such as Trinidad Head (THD), US and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland suggest regional influences even during background conditions at SDZ, which is much closer to highly-populated areas. Between 2006 and 2009 background CFCs exhibited downward trends at rates of ?2.0 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-11, ?2.5 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-12 and ?0.7 ppt yr^?1 for CFC-113. De-trended 3-year average background seasonal cycles displayed small fluctuations with peak-to-trough amplitudes of 1.0 ± 0.02 ppt (0.4%) for background CFC-11, 1.3 ± 2.1 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-12 and 0.2 ± 0.4 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-113. On the other hand, during pollution periods these CFCs showed much larger seasonal cycles of 11.2 ± 10.7 ppt (5%) for CFC-11, 7.5 ± 6.5 ppt (2%) for CFC-12 and 1.0 ± 1.2 ppt (1.2%) for CFC-113, with apparent winter minima and early summer maxima. This enhancement was attributed to prevailing wind directions from urban regions in summer and to enhanced anthropogenic sources during the warm season. In general, horizontal winds from northeast showed negative contribution to atmospheric CFCs loading, whereas South Western advection (urban sector: Beijing) had positive contributions.     

An integrated approach to model the biomagnification of organic pollutants in aquatic food webs of the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir ecosystem using adapted pollution scenarios

The impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) at the Yangtze River caused large flooding of urban, industrial, and agricultural areas, and profound land use changes took place. Consequently, substantial amounts of organic and inorganic pollutants were released into the reservoir. Additionally, contaminants and nutrients are entering the reservoir by drift, drainage, and runoff from adjacent agricultural areas as well as from sewage of industry, aquacultures, and households. The main aim of the presented research project is a deeper understanding of the processes that determines the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants, i.e., mainly pesticides, in aquatic food webs under the newly developing conditions of the TGR. The project is part of the Yangtze-Hydro environmental program, financed by the German Ministry of Education and Science. In order to test combinations of environmental factors like nutrients and pollution, we use an integrated modeling approach to study the potential accumulation and biomagnification. We describe the integrative modeling approach and the consecutive adaption of the AQUATOX model, used as modeling framework for ecological risk assessment. As a starting point, pre-calibrated simulations were adapted to Yangtze-specific conditions (regionalization). Two exemplary food webs were developed by a thorough review of the pertinent literature. The first typical for the flowing conditions of the original Yangtze River and the Daning River near the city of Wushan, and the second for the stagnant reservoir characteristics of the aforementioned region that is marked by an intermediate between lake and large river communities of aquatic organisms. In close cooperation with German and Chinese partners of the Yangtze-Hydro Research Association, other site-specific parameters were estimated. The MINIBAT project contributed to the calibration of physicochemical and bathymetric parameters, and the TRANSMIC project delivered hydrodynamic models for water volume and flow velocity conditions. The research questions were firstly focused on the definition of scenarios that could depict representative situations regarding food webs, pollution, and flow conditions in the TGR. The food webs and the abiotic site conditions in the main study area near the city of Wushan that determine the environmental preconditions for the organisms were defined. In our conceptual approach, we used the pesticide propanil as a model substance.