Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

不同聚硅酸硫酸铁去除有机物及膜污染的影响

采用腐植酸、苯胺、海藻酸钠、羟丙基甲基纤维4种有机物分别模拟天然有机物中的疏水酸性、疏水碱性、亲水带电性及亲水中性4种有机物,使用"聚硅酸+Fe3+"、"聚硅酸+聚硫酸铁(PFS)"、"聚硅酸+Fe2++H2O2"3种不同聚合方式的聚硅酸硫酸铁(PFSS)进行水处理,并将絮凝处理后的废水上清液通过微滤膜,考察不同聚合方式PFSS对有机物的去除及膜污染的影响。实验结果表明:4种有机物最难去除的是苯胺和海藻酸钠,羟丙基甲基纤维素其次,腐殖酸最易去除;以"聚硅酸+PFS""、聚硅酸+Fe2++H2O2"方式聚合的絮凝剂与"聚硅酸+Fe3+"方式聚合的絮凝剂相比,去除产生可逆污染的腐植酸的比例相差不大,但去除产生不可逆污染加大的苯胺、海藻酸钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素3种有机物的比例明显增大,膜污染率虽然相对稍大,但更加可逆。     

储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中腐蚀性能对比

采用电化学试验、浸泡试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中的腐蚀性能差异。电化学试验结果表明,08MnNiVR在石油沉积水中的自腐蚀电流比SPV490Q略大。浸泡试验结果表明,中短期试验时,08MnNiVR的腐蚀率略大;较长期试验时,SPV490Q的腐蚀率略大。慢应变速率拉伸试验结果表明,08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中均具有高应力腐蚀抗力。     

冲压发动机C/SiC喷管承压失效研究

新型三维编织碳/碳化硅复合材料存在较强的各向异性,而各个方向的性能数据积累不足,复合材料的强度计算方法尚不完善,为了发现新型三维编织碳/碳化硅复合材料在冲压发动机喷管中应用可能遇到的问题,并找到相应地解决措施,开展了这种复合材料应用于冲压发动机喷管的承压强度计算和承压实验研究。对承压实验中出现的低压破坏情况进行了分析,分析了低压破裂的原因,提出了改进措施。分析结果表明:C/SiC喷管喉部密度较低,导致强度较低,承载能力下降,是首次强度验证实验过程中该局部破坏的原因;为提高喷管强度,需要通过其形状设计并控制沉积流场,保证其喉部的沉积密度达到1.9g/cm³以上。对改进后的喷管进行了实验验证,实验结果与计算结果基本一致,满足要求。因此,在实际应用中应对喷管喉部和纵向密度的分布进行工业CT无损检测,确保喷管密度的分布均匀。      

CALPUFF-AERMOD大气预测模式耦合系统

AERMOD和CALPUFF在模型应用尺度、适用范围、气象与地形预处理以及特殊计算功能模块等方面具有自身的特点和优势。为了使模型系统计算结果合理科学,本文综合考虑AERMOD和CALPUFF的应用范围和特点,建立了CALPUFF-AERMOD耦合系统。以广东省东莞、中山、深圳的污染源和气象条件等资料为背景,进行污染预测模拟,以此评价模式的模拟性能,并对比CALPUFF与AERMOD的预测结果,最终计算得出的预测结果相对科学合理。     

中国火山地区预警政策研究

本文主要介绍了我国的活火山、火山灾害情况及国内外的火山预警政策。在此基础上讨论了我国火山地区预警政策的组成结构,认为完整的火山地区预警政策应该包括活火山识别、火山风险评价与灾害区划图、制定火山应急预案、火山防灾减灾知识宣传、火山监测和灾害预报、火山灾害预警等级划分、火山减灾工程措施以及预警响应措施等方面,并对火山预警政...     

环境空气中铅监测的质量控制

环境空气中铅测定受到诸多因素的影响,为了保证监测结果的准确可靠,在实际监测工作中必须加强质量控制。本文根据有关资料,并结合多年从事环境监测工作的经验,从基础条件、采样、样品前处理与分析过程、数据记录与审核等几个环节对环境空气中铅监测的质量控制进行了研究,并提出了做好环境空气中铅监测工作的具体办法,以为环境监测管理提供可靠依据。     

石羊河流域水资源及生态环境变化特征分析

针对石羊河流域水环境持续恶化的态势,调查分析了流域内水文和水化学环境变化的特征以及滥用水资源对生态环境的影响,表明石羊河流域水环境恶化的主要原因是水资源滥用.各类人工输水工程的建设改变了流域内水循环格局,导致下游河道断流,地下水补给量和泉水量减少;地下水持续超采,水位大幅度下降,矿化度升高,土地盐碱化面积迅速扩大,下游地区生态环境严重恶化.所以石羊河佑流域的综合治理必须以"水"为核心,地表水资源统一调度.并向下游倾斜;严格限制地下水开采量,使其逐年恢复到生态水位;发展节水农业,使大量水资源用于生态恢复;采取生物措施治碱,达到改良盐碱土、提高植被覆盖率和减少沙尘的功效;科学管理和调度水资源,建立人水和谐关系,保证区域内生态恢复和社会经济可持续发展.     

铜、镉对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响

以(鱼免)鱼(Miichthys miiuy)幼鱼为研究对象,研究了Cu2 和Cd2 对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响.以6个Cu2 浓度(0.01 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L和0.8 mg/L)和6个Cd2 浓度(0.005 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L)对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼进行8 d染毒.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 各处理组(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随取样时间的变化显著(P＜0.05),且呈峰值变化,在1 d时达到最大值,然后缓慢下降,最后各处理组酶活力趋于稳定.两种重金属离子对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响在同一取样时间各处理组间的差异也显著(P＜0.05),其影响程度与重金属的浓度呈负相关,且Cd2 浓度为0.4 mg/L时,在第8天酶活力与对照组的差异不显著(P＞0.05).Cu2 和Cd2 在1～8 d对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的诱导率表现为Cu2 ＞Cd2 .低浓度组Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,(鱼免)鱼肝组织中SOD活性变化在短时间内不明显(P＞0.05),但随着时间的延长,SOD活性提高,与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05),导致"毒物兴奋效应".高浓度Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,随着时间的延长和浓度的增强,肝组织SOD的活力抑制越明显(P＜0.05).