Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

建筑垃圾资源化处置技术及装备综述

介绍了国内外有关建筑垃圾资源化处置的相关工艺,并从分选除杂、破碎、筛分、整形强化四方面总结了建筑垃圾资源化处置技术与装备,分析其性能特点及应用范围,为我国相关工艺技术及装备的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

厦门海域海漂垃圾对海洋生态系统潜在生态风险研究

海洋垃圾漂浮于海面将影响海洋生物的光合作用和呼吸作用,对海洋生态系统的平衡与健康将产生潜在的风险。本文通过收集2009年厦门海域海漂垃圾清理与清运资料,系统地分析厦门岛海漂垃圾的来源和分布,以期揭示海漂垃圾对海洋生态环境的生态风险,提出切实合理的整治意见,为海洋管理和决策部门提供科学依据。     

FISH法作为厌氧消化系统运行管理指标的可行性

以高浓度厌氧消化污泥为对象,进行FISH、MPN和产甲烷活性的测定实验.FISH分析得到,厌氧消化污泥中古细菌、嗜乙酸产甲烷菌和嗜氢产甲烷菌占全菌数的比例分别为30%～70%,18%～28%和15%～43%,菌数测定结果FISH法高于MPN法.研究表明,FISH法可用于高浓度厌氧消化污泥的菌相解析,作为处理系统运行管理指标使用.     

UASB启动过程中污泥颗粒化的形成机制

以好氧消化污泥接种启动UASB反应器过程大致分为三个阶段:适应驯化阶段、颗粒污泥的形成阶段和成熟阶段。反应器的容积负荷由0.56 g COD/L/d逐渐增加到4.4 g COD/L/d,溶解性COD的去除率80%。扫描电镜观察培养的颗粒污泥以丝状菌为主。     

Al13形态的凝胶层析分离及分离级分特性对比

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法、透射电镜(TEM)和ZATESIZER测定仪对分离纯化过程中所得3个级分进行了分析表征和电荷特性的研究;采用烧杯实验法对3个级分处理实际和模拟水样的混凝效果进行了对比性研究.Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法和TEM结果表明,在层析法分离中级分随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到含量95 %左右的纳米Al₁₃形态;电荷特性和混凝效果研究结果表明,第3个级分其他两者具有更好的除浊、除腐殖酸和脱色效果,并且具有更强的电中和能力,因此Al₁₃形态是一种具有较高正电荷和较高的水解稳定性以及宽的pH适用范围,在给水和废水处理中是一种较为有效的Al形态.     

On-line optical determination of floc size of Fe(Ⅲ) coagulants

This study investigated the floc aggregation, average floc size, floc size variance and floc growth velocity when ferric chloride （FeCl3） and polyferric chloride （PFC） were used to treat the simulated water samples. The factors including coagulant dose, ionic strength and solution pH, which affect the floc aggregation, were studied. Experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor using photometric dispersion analyzer （ PDA）. Results showed that there were great differences between the floc aggregation of PFC and FeCl3. The average floc size and fioc growth velocity of PFC were much larger than those of FeCl3. Compared with FeCl3, PFC gave a better coagulation performance in wider range of pH, dosage and ionic strength. It was also found that the coagulation efficiency of PFC did not depend on average floc size but on floc growth velocity.     

等离子体处理的时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料耐湿热性能的影响

目的考察等离子体处理前后及其时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料弯曲强度、界面性能及耐湿热性能的影响。方法用低温射频耦合等离子体处理芳纶纤维表面,分别将未处理的、等离子体刚处理过的和等离子体处理后在空气中放置三天后的纤维通过溶液预浸渍工艺制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料预浸料,再经过高温模压成形技术制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料单向板。采用万能材料试验机对水煮前后复合材料的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度进行测试,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料层间剪切破坏形貌进行观察。结果等离子体处理后,复合材料的吸水率由未处理时的0.51%下降到0.33%,复合材料层间剪切强度由49.4 MPa提高到62.9 MPa。等离子体处理时效后复合材料的吸水率增加到0.69%,复合材料的层间剪切强度下降到56.0 MPa。结论等离子体处理提高了复合材料界面性能,但等离子体处理的时效后,复合材料的界面性能及其耐湿热性能有所下降。等离子体处理及时效性对复合材料的弯曲强度和耐湿热性能变化不大。