灰色关联在城市生活垃圾处理方案优选中的应用

根据城市生活垃圾和其处理技术的特点,运用灰色关联法建立数学模型,并应用于南方某城市生活垃圾处理方案的优选。该城市2020年的预计生活垃圾产生情况:总人口为131.5万,生活垃圾产生量为1404.5 t/d,其中可回收垃圾量为483.5 t/d。拟采用备选方案:方案1为卫生填埋;方案2为分类资源化,可回收垃圾回收,不可回收垃圾卫生填埋;方案3为分类资源化,可回收垃圾回收,不可回收垃圾焚烧。通过灰色关联模型计算,求得灰色关联度ε2>ε3>ε1。结果表明,方案2为该城市生活垃圾处理的最佳方案;表明灰色关联法简易可行,利用其得出的结论具有一定的参考价值。     

Mercury distribution,speciation and potential ecological risk assessment in sediments from Lake Taihu,China

Abstract

Twenty-one surface sediments collected from seven surroundings areas of Lake Taihu in two different years were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations, physicochemical characteristics and speciation using a sequential extraction method to assess spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk. Surface sediments from Lake Taihu contained elevated levels of Hg in two sampling years with THg levels ranging from 77 to 346?ng/g (mean 145?ng/g) in October 2010 and ranging from 122 to 573?ng/g (mean 266?ng/g) in November 2012, respectively. The mean THg concentrations in all studied surface sediments exhibited an increasing trend over time. The oxidizable fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4) were the predominant Hg species in sediments, while more mobile Hg phases of acid-soluble fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (F2) made up less than 0.5% THg. Significant relationships were found between total organic carbon (TOC) and THg and geochemical speciation indicating an important role for organic matter in affecting distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of Hg in sediments. As evidenced by Hakanson’s potential risk index the total ecological risk of Hg was low in the entire Lake Taihu in 2010 but considered moderate in Zhushan Bay, West Coast, and Meiliang Bay in 2012. These findings provide conservation managers with information needed to more effectively regulate the environment of Lake Taihu.     

Abiotic association of phthalic acid esters with humic acid of a sludge landfill

The abiotic association between phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and humic substances (HS) in sludge landfill plays an important role in the fate and stability of PAEs. An equilibrium dialysis combined with ¹⁴C-labeling was used to study the abiotic association of two abundant PAEs (diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate) with humic acid (HA) isolated from a sludge landfill with different stabilization times and different molecular weights. Elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) suggested that high K _A value of HA was related to the high aromatic content and large molecular weight of HA. The results indicated that the association strength of PAEs with HA depended on both the properties of the PAEs and the characteristics of HA. The K _A values of the association were strongly dependent on solution pH, and decreased dramatically as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The results suggested that nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between PAEs and HA was the main contributor to the association of the PAEs with HA. The interactive hydrogen-bonds between the HA and the PAEs molecules may also be involved in the association.     

黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶学特性

采用DNS法研究了我国广泛分布的一种低等木食性白蚁——黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶活特性以了解其纤维素降解机制.结果表明,内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)这3种酶的最佳反应时间均为15 min,最佳底物浓度为1%,最适反应pH为5.6,最适反应温度为35℃.在最适反应条件下,EG、CBH和BG的活性分别达到71.3(±13.9)U/mg、5.8(±0.8)U/mg和4.1(±0.7)U/mg.EG在体外的热稳定性较差,在50℃及更高温度酶活很低或完全失活,但该酶对pH稳定性较好,在pH 3.2～8.0范围内酶活力变化不大.Native-PAGE电泳检测到该白蚁体内至少有8种不同的EG活性条带,肠道不同部位纤维素酶活性条带种类不同.这些研究表明,木食性白蚁降解纤维素是一个复杂的过程,需要多种纤维素酶的共同作用.     

深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

火灾烟气危害定量评价模型THVCH及其应用

为更加准确地评价实际火灾烟气的危害性,针对以往烟气毒性定量评价方法N-GAS和FED模型的不足,提出了一种新的火灾烟气危害性定量评价模型THVCH(Toxicity,Heat and Visibility Comprehensive Harmfulness)。实际火灾烟气的危害包括烟气毒性和烟气高温辐射。两者都具有时间累积效应,人员在火灾环境中的暴露时间越长,所受到的伤害越大。烟气的遮光性是影响火场中人员暴露时间的重要因素,低能见度下人员疏散所需要的时间是高能见度的3.8倍。THVCH模型在考虑烟气毒性的同时兼顾了能见度对人员暴露时间的影响以及高温辐射对人体的伤害。以重庆开县5.5火灾为工程背景,运用大涡模拟技术对其火灾过程进行数值重构。在此技术上采用N-GAS、FED和THVCH模型对不同阶段的火灾危害性进行了评价,证明了火灾烟气危害评价中考虑能见度和高温辐射的必要性。     

泡沫材料在狭缝空间垂直火蔓延的数值模拟

保温材料的火蔓延特性对建筑防火有重要意义,而其在狭缝等特殊空间结构中的燃烧特性还缺乏深入研究.本文采用CFD模拟技术和并行计算手段对狭缝空间中泡沫材料的竖直火蔓延特性进行了分析研究.计算发现在狭缝宽度为5 -6 cm时,由于侧向补风增强,导致狭缝内存在规则的大尺度涡旋结构.涡旋将火焰向两侧拉扯,而且涡旋强度可以增强狭缝内火蔓延速度.相对开放空间的情况,在狭缝空间中泡沫材料的火焰高度随线热释放速率强度的增加较慢,并且存在最小热释放速率强度.当热释放速率强度小于一定值时,火焰将会熄灭.     

Purification and characterization of Al13 species in coagulant polyaluminum chloride

Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified by four methods to investigate its characteristic, and was analyzed by Al-Ferron timed complexation spectrophotometer,²⁷ Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coagulation efficiency of nano-Al₁₃, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and AlCl₃ in synthetic water were also investigated by jar test. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with nano-Al₁₃, PAC, and AlCl₃ were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency of gel column chromatography method was the highest for separating PAC solution with low Al concentration. Ethanol and acetone method was simple and could separated PAC solution with different Al concentrations, while silicon alkylation white block column chromatography method could separate PAC solution only with low Al concentration. The SO₄²−/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solution with high Al concentration, but extra inorganic cation and anion could be introduced into the solution during the separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that nano- Al₁₃ with a high positive-charged species was the main species of electric neutralization in coagulation process, and it could reduce the turbidity and increase the effective particles collision rate efficiently in coagulation process. Its coagulation speed and the particle size of coagulant formed were of greatest value in this study.     

结构用钢(16Mn)恒载加温试验研究

利用WAW-1000微机控制伺服万能试验机对四大钢厂的钢材进行了182次恒载加温试验。荷载水平分为0.25、0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45、0.5、0.55、0.6、0.65、0.7、0.75、0.8、0.85共13个应力水平,温度为200℃、300℃、350℃、400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃共8个水平。通过对总变形分离成荷载变形、膨胀变形、温度应力耦合变形三部分,以试验取得的数据进行回归,得到各变形的经验计算公式,并构建出该类国产钢材的应变-温度-应力材料模型和临界温度计算模型。根据该模型,当屈服应变已知时,可由临界温度计算模型反推出临界温度,为钢结构保护层厚度计算提供方便。此外,利用该材料模型可为钢结构抗火整体分析提供一定的理论支持。     

重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在淮南塌陷塘鲫鱼体内的分布特征及健康风险

从淮南煤矿区塌陷塘采集鲫鱼样品,分析重金属元素(Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)在鲫鱼体内的富集特征,结果发现,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb在塌陷区鲫鱼(Carassius auratus Gibelio)肌肉中含量均低于《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》(NY5073—2006)、食品中污染物限量(GB2762—2005)和FAO/WHO标准.重金属元素在鲫鱼体内的富集器官主要为内脏和鳃,Cd和Pb主要富集在内脏,Zn主要富集在鱼鳃,Cu的富集器官随着地域变化(对照为鳃,塌陷区为内脏).目标危险系数(THQ)分析发现Cu导致的健康风险较高,Cd最低,单一重金属THQ值和复合重金属的TTHQ值均小于1,说明研究区域内的鱼肉均不产生对人体危害的健康风险.