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41.
Kleinman MT Hyde DM Bufalino C Basbaum C Bhalla DK Mautz WJ 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(9):1080-1087
This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to mixtures containing fine particles and ozone (O3) would cause pulmonary injury and decrements in functions of immunological cells in exposed rats (22-24 months old) in a dose-dependent manner. Rats were exposed to high and low concentrations of ammonium bisulfate and elemental carbon and to 0.2 ppm O3. Control groups were exposed to purified air or O3 alone. The biological end points measured included histopathological markers of lung injury, bronchoalveolar lung fluid proteins, and measures of the function of the lung's innate immunological defenses (macrophage antigen-directed phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity). Exposure to O3 alone at 0.2 ppm did not result in significant changes in any of the measured end points. Exposures to the particle mixtures plus O3 produced statistically significant changes consistent with adverse effects. The low-concentration mixture produced effects that were statistically significant compared to purified air but, with the exception of macrophage Fc receptor binding, exposure to the high-concentration mixture did not. The effects of the low- and high-concentration mixtures were not significantly different. The study supports previous work that indicated that particle + O3 mixtures were more toxic than O3 alone. 相似文献
42.
This work evaluated the flushing efficiency of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) using the co-surfactant of non-ionic ethoxylated sorbitan ester (Tween) and oilphilic sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), which formed more hydrophobic micelles than Tween alone. The flushing efficiency was evaluated with laboratory columns filled with silica and aquifer sand. Results from column flushing were also compared to those of batch solubility experiments to study the removal mechanism by the co-surfactant solution. Compared to Tween 80 alone, the molar solubilization ratio and the affinity between the micelles and PCE increased 84% and 90%, respectively, by the co-surfactant solution of Tween 80 and Span 80 mixed at a 4:1 ratio. Flushing with 1% Tween 80 solution yielded a steady PCE recovery of 7% for both silica and aquifer sand in each pore volume (PV). Flushing with co-surfactant of 1% Tween 80 + Span 80 (4:1) further increased PCE recovery to 10% for silica sand and 13% for aquifer sand per PV. A comparison of results from column flushing and batch solubility tests indicated that the primary flushing mechanism of PCE using the co-surfactant solution of Tween 80 + Span 80 (4:1) was micellar solubilization. 相似文献
43.
Carol Jill Kambites 《Local Environment》2013,18(9-10):867-878
The possible role of parish and town councils (local councils) in the local implementation of sustainable development has been overlooked both in research and in policy-making. This article is based on research into local councillors' attitudes to sustainability and to their own role within a single county. A “discourse of local council legitimation” is identified, in which local councillors see their communities as living organisms, whose interests they represent with the benefit of local knowledge and holistic thinking – characteristics which they see as absent at other levels of government. Local councillors essentially see their role as local and relatively short-term – a perspective that will have to be addressed if local councils are to make a significant contribution to sustainability. 相似文献
44.
Identification and quantification of the hydrological impacts of imperviousness in urban catchments: a review 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Jacobson CR 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(6):1438-1448
Urbanisation produces numerous changes in the natural environments it replaces. The impacts include habitat fragmentation and changes to both the quality and quantity of the stormwater runoff, and result in changes to hydrological systems. This review integrates research in relatively diverse areas to examine how the impacts of urban imperviousness on hydrological systems can be quantified and modelled. It examines the nature of reported impacts of urbanisation on hydrological systems over four decades, including the effects of changes in imperviousness within catchments, and some inconsistencies in studies of the impacts of urbanisation. The distribution of imperviousness within urban areas is important in understanding the impacts of urbanisation and quantification requires detailed characterisation of urban areas. As a result most mapping of urban areas uses remote sensing techniques and this review examines a range of techniques using medium and high resolution imagery, including spectral unmixing. The third section examines the ways in which scientists and hydrological and environmental engineers model and quantify water flows in urban areas, the nature of hydrological models and methods for their calibration. The final section examines additional factors which influence the impact of impervious surfaces and some uncertainties that exist in current knowledge. 相似文献
45.
Realistic population models and effective conservation strategies require a thorough understanding of mechanisms driving stage-specific mortality. Mortality bottlenecks for many species occur in the juvenile stage and are thought to result from limitation on food or foraging habitat during a "critical period" for growth and survival. Without a way to account for maternal effects or to measure integrated consumption rates in the field, it has been virtually impossible to test these relationships directly. Hence uncertainties about mechanisms underlying such bottlenecks remain. In this study we randomize maternal effects across sites and apply a new method for measuring consumption integrated over weeks to months to test the hypothesis that food limitation drives early-season juvenile mortality bottlenecks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Using natural signatures of geologically derived cesium (133Cs), we estimated consumption rates of >400 fry stocked into six streams. Two to four weeks after stocking, consumption was extremely low across sites (0.005 g x g(-1) x d(-1)) and was predicted to be below maintenance rations (i.e., yielding negative energy balances) for the majority of individuals from five of six sites. However, consumption during this time was positively correlated with growth rates and survival (measured at the end of the growing season). In contrast, consumption rates increased in mid- (0.030 g x g(-1) x d(-1)) and late (0.035 g x g(-1) x d(-1)) seasons, but juvenile survival and consumption were not correlated, and correlations between growth and consumption were weak. These findings are consistent with predictions of a habitat-based bioenergetic model constructed using the actual stream positions of the individual fish in the present study, which indicates that habitat-based models capture important environmental determinants of juvenile growth and survival. Hence, by combining approaches, reducing maternal effects and controlling initial conditions, we offer a general framework for linking foraging with juvenile survival and present the first direct consumption-based evidence for the early season bottleneck hypothesis. 相似文献
46.
Mitochondrial DNA and electronic tracking reveal population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Population subdivision was examined in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) through sequencing of the control region of the mitochondrial genome. A total of 178 samples from the spawning grounds in
the Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas and Mediterranean Sea were analyzed. Among the samples from these locations were 36 electronically
tagged bluefin tuna that were tagged in the North Atlantic and subsequently traveled to one of these known spawning grounds
during the spawning season. Bluefin tuna populations from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea were found to be genetically
distinct based on Φst, and sequence nearest neighbor analyses, showing that these two major spawning areas support independent stocks. Sequence
nearest neighbor analysis indicated significant population subdivision among the Gulf of Mexico, western Mediterranean and
eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, it was not possible to find significant pairwise differences between any sampling areas
when using all samples. If only samples that had a high likelihood of assignment to a specific spawning site were used (young
of the year, spawning adults), the differentiation increased among all sampling areas and the Western Mediterranean Sea was
distinct from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It was not possible to distinguish samples from the Bahamas
from those collected at any of the other sampling sites. These data support tagging results that suggested distinctness of
the Gulf of Mexico, Eastern and Western Mediterranean Sea spawning areas. This level of stock differentiation is only possible
if Atlantic bluefin tuna show strong natal homing to individual spawning grounds. 相似文献
47.
This paper presents a new methodology for estimating the probable number of fatalities in accidental explosions in fixed installations, as a function of the amount of the flammable substance involved. A review of the procedure proposed by Marshall (1977) (Marshall, V.C., 1977 How lethal are explosions and toxic escapes? The Chemical Engineer, August 1977, 573–577). reveals its limitations, given the great dispersion of ungrouped data. The proposed alternative enables the estimation of the maximum probable number of fatalities and the percentage of cases in which a certain number of fatalities is reached, based on the knowledge of the amount of material presumably involved and through the application of the historical analysis of accidents. It must be pointed out that the proposed method considers not only fatalities derived directly from the overpressure wave but also those due to thermal radiation or missile impact. 相似文献
48.
Acute toxic hazard evaluations of glyphosate herbicide on terrestrial vertebrates of the oregon coast range 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
McComb BC Curtis L Chambers CL Newton M Bentson K 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(3):266-272
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The degree to which dose responses of model organisms (lab rodents) can adequately predict dose responses of free-ranging wild mammals or amphibians is unknown, and the relative sensitivity of such species to body loading of a toxicant such as glyphosate is seldom reported. For relative effects of dosage, we compare sensitivity of nine wild vertebrate species to effects of high doses of glyphosate in Swiss-Webster laboratory mice both by gavage and by intraperitoneal injection. We also evaluate sublethal effects of herbicide exposure on behavior and reproductive success of one mammal and one amphibian species. METHODS: Comparisons of acute toxicity of glyphosate were made with intraperitoneal dosings of technical glyphosate isopropylamine salt to nine species of terrestrial vertebrates (five amphibians, four mammals) and compared with responses in Swiss-Webster laboratory mice. Animals collected from sites that had no recent herbicide application were allowed 7-14 days to equilibrate in captivity before treatment. RESULTS: Median lethal dose ranged from 800 to 1,340 mg kg(-1) in mammals, and 1,170 to >2,000 mg kg(-1) in amphibians, with Oregon vole being the most sensitive. White lab mice were in the middle of the mammalian range. Tailed frog, at >2,000 mg kg(-1) was the least sensitive. Calibration of IP sensitivity to oral administration by gavage indicated that roughly four times as much glyphosate must be administered to obtain a comparable estimate of lethality. Administration by gavage in highly concentrated solutions tended to cause physical injury, hence may prove less useful as a relative indicator of toxicity. When sublethal dosages were given to roughskin newts or chipmunks, mobility and use of cover appeared largely unaffected. DISCUSSION: Direct toxic effects of spraying glyphosate under normal forest management seem unlikely for the nine species examined. Nor could we detect significant indirect effects of exposure on behavior and use of cover features in two species. There may be effects on other aspects of the field biology of these animals, such as reproductive rates, which we did not investigate. Recent field data indicate that changes in habitat quality following herbicide application can result in high reproductive activity in species associated with the grasses and forbs that proliferate following field applications. CONCLUSIONS: When compared to field data on body burdens of wild mammals exposed after aerial application of glyphosate at maximum rates in forests, there seems to be a large margin of safety between dosages encountered and those causing either death or limitation of movement, foraging or shelter. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Margins of safety for small mammals and amphibians appear to be large under any probable exposure scenarios, however our results indicate high variability in responses among species. Uncertainty introduced into field studies from unknown sources of mortality (e.g, likely predation) must be considered when interpreting our results. 相似文献
49.
50.
William R. Walker Carol J. Haley Phyllis Bridgeman Stephen H. Goldstein 《Environmental management》1991,15(3):441-449
A literature search and survey of Virginia, USA, campgrounds with RV pump-out stations were used to determine whether boat
holding-tank deodorant chemicals would have deleterious effects on marina septic systems or package treatment plants. Laboratory
studies reported in the literature indicate that these chemical additives could affect septic system function in three ways:
(1) active ingredients in the additives can impair sewage degradation in septic tanks, causing sludge buildup and overflow
of solids into the drainfield, (2) additive chemicals might enter the drainfield and, in high enough concentrations, reduce
the drainfield's ability to degrade waste, or (3) toxic additive chemicals might migrate from the drainfield to ground or
surface water. Laboratory studies also show that some ingredients added to holding tanks interfere with functioning of activated
sludge treatment process. Experience in the field and in other laboratory studies suggests that factors such as dilution of
treated waste with untreated waste and the characteristics of the sewage to be treated can reduce the possibility of damage
to septic and activated sludge systems. The campground owners surveyed indicated that they have few problems with their septic
systems in spite of the presence of chemical additives in the RV waste. However, most of them practice good septic system
maintenance and have devised other means of ensuring that their systems function efficiently. In addition, the survey indicates
that most Virginia campgrounds get only seasonal use (as would marinas in Virginia), allowing their systems to recover between
peak seasons. 相似文献