Wastewater effects on a waterhyacinth marsh and adjacent impoundment

A waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) marsh occupying two-thirds of the basin of a small Florida impoundment has received sewage effluent for nearly 20 years. Water from the marsh flows into an area that is maintained free of waterhyacinths, and is discharged through wells at the far end of the impoundment. A water budget for the basin was estimated, and phosphorus concentrations were measured monthly at three stations in the marsh and at the discharge wells in the lake. Productivity levels were measured monthly where the marsh joins the lake and at the discharge wells. Only 16% of the phosphorus that enters the basin is stored. Gross primary productivity levels in the open-water areas are very high (22 gO₂m²day), but high respiration rates appear to keep the lake in steady-state.     

Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems

A dead mammal (i.e. cadaver) is a high quality resource (narrow carbon:nitrogen ratio, high water content) that releases an intense, localised pulse of carbon and nutrients into the soil upon decomposition. Despite the fact that as much as 5,000 kg of cadaver can be introduced to a square kilometre of terrestrial ecosystem each year, cadaver decomposition remains a neglected microsere. Here we review the processes associated with the introduction of cadaver-derived carbon and nutrients into soil from forensic and ecological settings to show that cadaver decomposition can have a greater, albeit localised, effect on belowground ecology than plant and faecal resources. Cadaveric materials are rapidly introduced to belowground floral and faunal communities, which results in the formation of a highly concentrated island of fertility, or cadaver decomposition island (CDI). CDIs are associated with increased soil microbial biomass, microbial activity (C mineralisation) and nematode abundance. Each CDI is an ephemeral natural disturbance that, in addition to releasing energy and nutrients to the wider ecosystem, acts as a hub by receiving these materials in the form of dead insects, exuvia and puparia, faecal matter (from scavengers, grazers and predators) and feathers (from avian scavengers and predators). As such, CDIs contribute to landscape heterogeneity. Furthermore, CDIs are a specialised habitat for a number of flies, beetles and pioneer vegetation, which enhances biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems.     

对比研究槽式堆肥处理不同畜禽粪便对植物毒性的影响

为揭示槽式堆肥过程中不同畜禽粪便堆肥理化性质的变化及其对植物毒性的影响,分别开展了以羊、牛、鸡、猪粪便与木屑为堆料、为期44 d的好氧槽式堆肥对比试验,采集了不同堆肥期的堆肥样品,测定了堆肥的pH、电导率（EC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、全氮（TN）、碳氮比（C/N）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）含量及水堇的相对生长指数（RGI）和种子发芽指数（GI）,并通过相关分析和线性回归拟合,分析了堆肥过程粪便对水堇种子植物毒性的影响机制.结果表明,槽式堆肥过程中,羊粪的高温期持续时间最长,牛粪其次,猪粪和鸡粪最短;堆肥结束时4种粪便均呈弱碱性.堆肥过程中猪粪和鸡粪的EC降低,其他粪便的EC变化幅度较小,各粪便的DOC、NH₄⁺-N含量降低,NO₃^--N、TP、TK、Cu和Zn含量增加,牛粪和鸡粪的C/N逐渐降低,而猪粪和羊粪的C/N呈先升后降的趋势,羊粪和猪粪的TN含量下降,鸡粪和牛粪的TN含量缓慢上升.堆肥过程中4种粪便对水堇种子的植物毒性均降低,且RGI和GI升幅由高到低为：牛粪 > 羊粪 > 鸡粪 > 猪粪.相关分析表明,堆肥过程中羊粪的TP、Cu、Zn,牛粪的Zn、TK、TP、NO₃^--N,鸡粪的NO₃^--N、TN、Cu,猪粪的NO₃^--N、TP、Zn、TK与RGI呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;而羊粪的Cu、TP、TK,牛粪的Zn、TK、TP,鸡粪的Cu、TN、NO₃^--N、TK,猪粪的TP、Zn、NO₃^--N与GI呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.由此表明,不同粪便堆肥的以上指标促进了植物的根伸长和种子发芽.但堆肥过程中羊粪的NH₄⁺-N、TN、DOC,牛粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、C/N、EC,鸡粪的C/N、EC、DOC,猪粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、EC与RGI呈显著负相关（p<0.01）;羊粪的NH₄⁺-N、TN、DOC,牛粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、C/N,鸡粪EC、DOC、C/N,猪粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、EC与GI呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此表明,不同粪便的以上指标显著抑制了植物的根伸长和种子发芽.多元回归分析说明,堆肥过程羊粪和牛粪的NH₄⁺-N,鸡粪的NO₃^--N、Cu、C/N和EC,猪粪的NO₃^--N和TK对水堇种子根伸长具有显著的影响,而羊粪的NH₄⁺-N和TK,牛粪的DOC、pH和EC,鸡粪Cu、TN和NO₃^--N,猪粪的TK对水堇种子发芽具有显著的影响.以上对比研究结果可为不同畜禽粪便槽式堆肥处理和土地利用提供重要的理论依据和决策支持.     

除草剂草甘膦在土壤中的吸附行为

研究了除草剂草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附行为, 观察了pH和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响. 结果表明:草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附过程均符合一级动力学规律, 吸附等温线均为直线,吸附常数K_d 2.2207～3.5280mL/g; 随着离子强度的降低, 草甘膦在3种土壤中的吸附量明显增大; 随着pH(9～3)逐渐减小, 草甘膦在呼和浩特特市土壤和东胜土壤中的吸附量增大, 在杭锦2号土中的吸附量先增大, 在pH=7时达到最大值, pH=5时开始下降, 下降到4时的吸附量与pH=9时的相等.     

不同配比农业废物堆肥过程中堆肥的阴阳离子和大分子对种子发芽的影响

为揭示不同配比农业废物堆肥过程中阴阳离子和大分子对植物毒性的影响机理，开展了以鸡粪和猪粪为主料，稻草秸秆为辅料的条垛堆肥试验，设置的试验处理包括：等质量的鸡粪+稻草秸秆+包菜（1∶1∶1）处理（T1）、鸡粪+稻草秸秆（1∶1）处理（T2）、大量猪粪+少量稻草秸秆（85∶15）处理（T3）.测定了各处理的堆温、堆肥的水溶性无机阴阳离子和有机大分子变化，以及对大白菜（Brassica rapa L.）和水堇（Lepidium sativum. L.）种子发芽指数（Germination Index， GI）等指标变化的影响.试验结果表明，T3处理堆肥的高温（>55 ℃）持续期最长，杀灭病原微生物和杂草种子的能力最好，且其堆肥的Cl^-、SO42-、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度最低；T2处理堆肥的NH4+ 浓度最低.T1和T2处理堆肥过程中堆肥的脂肪烃可转化为稳定的芳香烃.T3处理堆肥对大白菜和水堇的种子发芽指数大于80%.堆肥中抑制种子发芽的阴阳离子及大分子浓度分别为：Ca²⁺浓度>0.98 mmol·L^-1，Mg²⁺浓度>0.92 mmol·L^-1，NH4+浓度均>5.75 mmol·L^-1，芳香C/多糖比值>0.33，羧基C/多糖比值>0.30.堆肥中脂肪族大分子增加、多糖类大分子减少可抑制种子发芽.综上所述，猪粪与稻草秸秆的质量配比为85∶15、初始C/N比为25、初始水分含量为60%、 堆肥期周为35 d是条垛式堆肥处理猪粪和稻草秸秆的最佳工艺参数.大白菜比水堇种子更能准确反映农业废物堆肥的植物毒性.本研究可为优化不同畜禽粪便与农作物秸秆的条垛堆肥工艺参数、减少土地利用的风险提供重要的决策支持.