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181.
Hyperaccumulated Ni can defend plant tissues against herbivores and pathogens. The effectiveness of this defense, however, has not been tested with a viral pathogen. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) accumulation was studied in two serpentine species of Streptanthus with different Ni uptake abilities. Plants of a Ni hyperaccumulator, milk-wort jewelflower (S. polygaloides Gray), and a non-hyperaccumulator, plumed jewelflower (S. insignis Jepson), were grown on Ni-amended and unamended soils. Plants were inoculated with TuMV at three different phenological stages: basal rosette, bolting, and flowering. Susceptibility of experimental plants to TuMV was determined either by the magnitude of TuMV accumulation (measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) or by plant survival. Streptanthus polygaloides plants grown on high-Ni soil were more susceptible to TuMV than low-Ni S. polygaloides at all three phenological stages. All rosette and pre-bolt S. insignis plants were infected by TuMV, but survival and TuMV accumulation were not significantly affected by soil Ni. At flowering, only high-Ni S. polygaloides plants became infected. For S. polygaloides, elevated tissue Ni concentrations enhanced TuMV infection instead of defending plants from the virus. To reduce risks to nearby agricultural crops, future phytoremed. iation and phytomining operations using this species should incorporate management plans to prevent the creation of artificial reservoirs of TuMV inoculum. 相似文献
182.
In order to investigate the role of the ionic relations in buoyancy of marine phytoplankton, voltage recordings have been made on the planktonic diatom Coscinodiscus radiatus using conventional glass microelectrode techniques. The most negative Nernst equilibrium voltage in C. radiatus is E
K, the potassium equilibrium voltage of around-85 mV. Accordingly, stable voltages of-40 to-80 mV were recorded from C. radiatus which conforms to the general theory of electro-diffusion of ions through membranes (voltage range V
d). In addition, membrane voltages much more negative, e.g. up to-140 mV (voltage range V
p), have been recorded in C. radiatus; these voltages demonstrate the operation of an electrogenic pump. Within the voltage range V
d, light-on and-off (microscope illumination) caused weak hyper- and depolarizations by about 2 mV with a time constant of about 10 s. Also within V
d, spontaneous oscillations could be observed with a frequency of about 0.03 Hz and irregular amplitudes up to 30 mV. These phenomena are simulated by a model for electrocoupling of the major ion transporters in plants, as worked out for guard cells with their subtle osmoregulatory system. Equivalent mechanisms are suggested to operate in planktonic diatoms for adjustment of buoyancy by appropriate uptake and release of ions. 相似文献
183.
184.
In this paper we use a dynamic three sector model to examine the neutrality and welfare effects of land income taxes. We find that (1) taxes that are neutral in long run equilibrium need not be neutral in the short run; (2) short run neutrality depends upon the tax treatment of development costs and losses; and (3) many of the neutrality results hold under both static and rational expectations assumptions. We also find that, even without externality assumptions, nonneutrality in the short run does not necessarily entail a welfare cost and may be welfare-enhancing when agents have less-than-perfect foresight. 相似文献
185.
Nadja Müller T.S. Ramakrishnan Austin Boyd Shinichi Sakruai 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2007,1(4):456-472
Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have been linked to the rise in land and sea temperature [Climate Change, 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 944]. To demonstrate geological carbon sequestration as a mitigation technique, a carbon dioxide injection experiment was conducted in East Texas. The target – Frio formation – is a highly porous, permeable and unconsolidated sandstone. The specific interval is the Frio C sand, which originally was saturated with saline formation water. At the injection location, the Frio C sand dips 18° to the south. To monitor the injected CO2 spreading in the formation, an old well from 1956 drilled into the deeper Yegua formation was selected as the observation well. The injection well was drilled at a distance of 100 ft downdip from the monitoring well. Several borehole measurement methods were available to monitor the CO2 injection, but the most suitable technology was thought to be the pulsed neutron logging. This logging is used widely in cased hole, and the measured macroscopic thermal absorption cross-section (Σ) is sensitive to CO2 saturation in high porosity saline water environments. Several log examples are given demonstrating successful the monitoring of the CO2 plume moving through the two boreholes and the resulting saturation changes. 相似文献
186.
ABSTRACT. A rationale is set forth for requiring and/or encouraging the consolidation or regionalization of all systems beneath certain population size levels based on the small water systems’ capability to produce an adequate supply of safe drinking water at a reasonable cost to customers. Estimates for basic costs of water service including personnel, other operation and maintenance and capital are made and a range of water rates is suggested based on reasonableness and acceptability to customers. Guidelines are then drawn for a moderate rate of $10.00 per month and an upper limit rate of $15.00 per month to show the sizes at which public water systems might be expected to achieve fiscal viability. Finally, recommendations are made to State and Federal governmental agencies concerning possible legislation, plans and programs to achieve better public water service through the regionalization or consolidation of small public water systems. 相似文献
187.