Waste activated sludge treatment based on temperature staged and biologically phased anaerobic digestion system

The concept of temperature staged and biological phased （TSBP） was proposed to enhance the performance of waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion. Semi-continuous experiments were used to investigate the effect of temperature （35 to 70℃） as well as the hydraulic retention time （HRT） （2, 4 and 6 days） on the acidogenic phase. The results showed that the solubilization degree of waste- activated sludge increased from 14.7% to 30.1% with temperature increasing from 35 to 70℃, while the acidification degree was highest at 45℃ （17.6%）, and this was quite different from the temperature impact on hydrolysis. Compared with HRT of 2 and 6 days, 4 days was chosen as the appropriate HRT because of its relatively high solubilization degree （24.6%） and acidification degree （20.1%） at 45℃. The TSBP system combined the acidogenic reactor （45℃, 4 days） with the methanogenic reactor （35℃, 16 days） and the results showed 84.8% and 11.4% higher methane yield and volatile solid reduction, respectively, compared with that of the single-stage anaerobic digestion system with HRT of 20 days at 35℃. Moreover, different microbial morphologies were observed in the acidogenic- and methanogenic-phase reactors, which resulted from the temperature control and HRT adjustment. All the above results indicated that 45℃ was the optimum temperature to inhibit the activity of methanogenic bacteria in the acidogenic phase, and temperature staging and phase separation was thus accomplished. The advantages of the TSBP process were also confirmed by a full-scale waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion project which was an energy self-sufficient system.     

中水回用对城市给排水的影响研究——以常州市为例

水资源短缺是影响城市可持续发展的主要限制因子之一。污水回用是解决城市水危机的重要途径。目前中国的中水回用水平较低,提高污水回用水平对水资源的可持续利用和水环境保护具有重要意义。以常州市为例,全面分析了城市经济社会发展对水资源的作用机制,构建了城市水资源开发利用的系统动力学模型,设置不同中水回用情景,比较不同情景对城市水资源供给状况、水环境状况和社会影响。结果表明：如果维持现状中水回用规模不变,常州市未来将出现供水短缺,至2020年缺水量达到2.49亿m3,同时污水排放量达到14.97亿m3;如果中水回用率逐步提高到20%和40%,用水和排污总量将得到有效控制,但仍会持续增长;如果2020年中水回用率达到60%,常州市的用水和排水规模将维持不变,实现供排水的总量平衡。三种提高回用率的控制方案对地区生产总值的影响均低于0.1%,具有较高的经济可行性,研究成果可为常州市未来水资源利用和水环境保护规划的制定提供借鉴和指导。     

Performance and microbial community analysis of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system: Effect of activated sludge concentration

It was focused on the effect of different sludge concentrations on the performances of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system in terms of wastewater treatment, algal-activated sludge characteristics and community structure. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor R~2 with soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) removal efficiencies of(90.6 ± 2.3)%,(97.69 ± 2.6)% and(83.81 ± 2.3)%, respectively. Further investigation exhibited that sludge concentration has a great effect on the dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, the pH, the growth of algae and the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) production, which resulted in influencing the settleability and the performance of symbiotic system. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analysis demonstrated that the sludge concentration had a selective power for particular members of algae. Meantime, the stimulated algal population would selectively excite the members of bacteria benefited for the formation of algal-bacterial consortia.The variation of microbial compositions, which was influenced by the different sludge concentrations, might be ultimately responsible for the different treatment performances.     

Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected watersystems: A critical review

This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analyticalmethods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between themeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that formduring disinfection are unstable,which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed frommany different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.     

氧化还原修复重金属污染土壤的文献计量学分析

基于Web of Science和中国知网(CNKI)的数据源,选择对应数据库、设定年限,检索相关文献和专利,运用文献计量学方法,并借助Origin、Excel等绘图制表工具对数据结果进行了统计、分析和对比,比较直观地展现出重金属污染土壤氧化还原修复技术的总体情况、国内外发展现状和趋势、国内外发展差距,并从关键词的发展演替角度分析研究热点与方向,为氧化还原修复技术相关学科发展与研究等提供决策参考。     

Fe2O3(1-12)作用下CO化学链燃烧反应机理研究

在化学链燃烧(CLC)过程中,载氧体表面的原子结构和电子特性决定了其化学反应活性.本文以Fe_2O_3为载氧体,探讨了其自然条件下主要裸露的高米勒数指表面(1-1 2)的结构性质,研究发现表面不同配位数的氧和铁原子(包括O2f、O3f、O4f、Fe4f和Fe5f)的键参数、电子态密度及电荷布居等存在明显差异.为探究这种差异对Fe_2O_3反应活性的影响,对比分析了CO在表面5种氧和铁原子位生成CO_2的吸附-反应机理.CO在表面低配位O原子O2f和O3f首先形成物理吸附,然后被晶格氧氧化生成CO_2,反应需要克服能垒分别为3.657 e V和3.401 e V;然而,CO在O4f位吸附时,首先克服1.864 e V能垒形成二齿形碳酸盐物种,之后克服1.097 e V的能垒形成CO_2.当CO在Fe4f和Fe5f位吸附时,CO与Fe原子成键,后经过活化与表面O原子成键,形成二齿形碳酸盐物种,能垒分别为0.416和0.219 e V,最终碳酸盐物种分别克服0.500和1.462e V的能垒生成CO_2.因此,可以推断表面高配位数的O4f、Fe4f和Fe5f原子,由于其较高的氧化态,在化学链燃烧过程中充当活性位的作用.本研究有助于了解铁基载氧体表面化学链燃烧反应的微观机理,并为载氧体表面结构性能调控制备提供理论借鉴.     

天山北坡中段天然草场牧草产量遥感动态监测模式

本文用1989-1991年在天山北坡不同草场类型上观测的牧草产量与光谱资料以及同步接收的 NOAA/AVHRR资料,计算了牧草产量与各种植被指数的相关系数。结果表明,天然草场牧草产量与各种植被指数存在显著相关,并建立天然草场牧草产量动态监测光谱模型;牧草干重和鲜重与气象卫星比值植被指数的相关系数达0.7597和0.8066;建立牧草产量卫星遥感监测模型,可用于天然草场牧草产量的动态监测。     

环评中提高公众参与的有效性

目前，我国环评公众参与的环境法律和办法已经规定了一系列原则性程序，但是公众参与在实践中仍然存在一定的局限性。因此，本文针对工作中遇到的影响公众参与有效性的因素展开了较为深入的探讨，并提出了相应的解决办法：为公众参与机制的逐步完善提供参考。     

高级氧化技术强化皮革废水生化处理效果初探

皮革废水中含大量难降解有机物，导致常规好氧生化处理速率低、效果差。实验考察了在US（超声波）、UV（紫外光）、US／Fenton、UV／Fenton等高级氧化技术强化作用下的生化处理效果，结果表明，在相同水质和实验条件下。废水经US、UV处理30min后可使后续生化反应速率显著提高，分别反应8h、24h后的COD去除率即可达到直接经微生物处理48h后达到的48％，但延长反应时间至48h对COD去除率没有明显提高；Fenton试剂强化US、UV的处理效果要高于单独US、UV工艺．经30min预处理，随后在徽生物作用下分别反应4h和8h即可达到45％和51％的COD去除率，同时延长反应时间也能使最终COD去除率明显提高，反应48h后，COD去除率可分别提高至64％和72％。     

浅谈大气污染物对人体健康的影响

论述了几种主要大气污染物的性质、来源及其作用机理,并探讨了大气污染物对人体健康的影响及危害。