Reassessment of the Ocean-To-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Monoxide

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) in the surface sea waters is produced predominantly by photochemical processes, oxidized by micro-organisms and outgassed to the atmosphere. to assess carbon monoxide flux from the oceans to the atmosphere, the photochemical production and microbial oxidation of carbon monoxide in the oceanic mixed-layer was investigated during several oeanographic cruises and in the laboratory. the photoproduction rate of carbon monoxide was found to be well correlated to the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in coastal and open ocean surface waters. Taking a global average carbon monoxide production rate of 10 ± 2 nmole litre^?1 (mg DOC hr)^?1 in the surface open ocean water, and 25 ± 7 nmole litre^?1 (mg DOC hr)^?1 in coastal sea water, at cloud-free summer solar noon, the photochemical production of carbon monoxide in the global oceans is estimated to be at a rate of 1200 ± 200 Tg CO y^?1. the microbial carbon monoxide turnover time in the mixed-layer was observed to range from hours in a coastal estuary to 16 days in the Pacific along 1057deg; W in dark incubations. Natural sunlight can largely inhibit the microbial consumption of carbon monoxide in surface water. On a global scale, microbial consumption is responsible for the loss of less than 10% of photochemical produced carbon monoxide in the surface ocean. Field measurements have shown that the net transport of carbon monoxide from the euphotic zone to the underlying deeper ocean water is limited and that the overall life time in surface sea waters is less than 3-4 hours. When combined, these field measurements with the photoproduction and microbial consumption rates obtained, we estimate the oceanic flux to the atmosphere is about 1000 ± 200 Tg CO y^?1, which represents the largest single source of atmospheric carbon monoxide.     

氯盐⁃硫酸盐环境下钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能退化过程的数值模拟∗

针对氯盐-硫酸盐环境中钢筋混凝土构件抗震性能的劣化问题,利用Fick定律、离子浓度与材料损伤的拟合关系,确定了硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土的损伤本构模型,根据氯盐环境下钢筋锈蚀特征及法拉第定律建立了钢筋截面积损失时变模型,并通过OpenSees软件分析了柱构件在侵蚀环境中抗震性能的退化情况。结果表明:随着服役时间的增加,柱的受压、受弯承载力及刚度逐渐退化,构件的延性、滞回耗能能力先增大后减小;服役初期,增大轴向力能够提高构件受弯承载力,但服役超过一定时间后,该作用不明显;整个服役周期内,轴向力的增大都将造成构件弹塑性变形能力降低,故高轴向力作用下,构件的延性、滞回耗能能力均降低。     

XQH1.00地震安全性评价工作程序包简介

ＸＱＨ１．００地震安全性评价工作程序包具先进性、灵活性、可靠性和实用性。编制者对危险性分析、人造地震动和土层反应等主要程序作了一系列改进，使之具有较强的计算性能。其中，人造地震动采用了自己研究提出的新技术——即时域迭加技术和反应谱整体逼近技术。该软件包采用菜单方式，实行人机对话和各种表格图件全部汉化。图件的输出可使用打印机和绘图仪，具有优良的服务性能。     

氯代有机污染物在厌氧条件下还原脱氯的研究进展

对氯代有机污染物在产甲烷和硫酸盐还原条件下还原脱氯的研究成果进行了综述 ,并介绍了国内外加速厌氧条件下还原脱氯的方法与成果以及缓释氢物质 (hydrogenreleasecompounds ,HRC)的工作原理与工程应用。此外 ,作者还对厌氧还原脱氯的机理和未来的研究方向进行了讨论和展望     

液态高炉渣热量回收利用方法及问题

钢铁冶金行业生产会产生大量的高炉渣。高炉渣由于自身温度比较高，含热量丰富，对能源工业来说是一种很好的二次资源。世界上已有一些国家对高炉渣热量的回收利用进行了一定的研究，而国内这方面的研究却很少。详细介绍了近几年国内外对高炉渣热量回收利用的情况，在此基础上，阐述了高炉渣热回收技术需要解决的关键问题和发展趋势。     

Effects of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifying microbial communities

Hydrogenotrophic denitrification is promising for tertiary nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. To reveal the influence of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers, we adopted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine microbial communities in hydrogenotrophic denitrification enrichments. Using effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant as water source, COD, nitrate and pH were controlled the same except for a gradient of biodegradable carbon (i.e., primary effluent (PE), secondary effluent (SE), or combined primary and secondary effluent (CE)). Inorganic synthetic water (IW) was used as a control. Hydrogenophaga, a major facultative autotroph, accounted for 17.1%, 5.3%, 32.7% and 12.9% of the sequences in PE, CE, SE and IW, respectively, implicating that Hydrogenophaga grew well with or without organics. Thauera, which contains likely obligate autotrophic denitrifiers, appeared to be the most dominant genera (23.6%) in IW and accounted for 2.5%, 4.6% and 8.9% in PE, CE and SE, respectively. Thermomonas, which is related to heterotrophic denitrification, accounted for 4.2% and 7.9% in PE and CE fed with a higher content of labile organics, respectively. In contrast, Thermomonas was not detected in IW and accounted for only 0.6% in SE. Our results suggest that Thermomonas are more competitive than Thauera in hydrogenotrophic denitrification with biodegradable organics. Moreover, facultative autotrophic denitrifiers, Hydrogenophaga, are accommodating to residual organic in effluent wastewater, thus we propose that hydrogenotrophic denitrification is amenable for tertiary nitrogen removal.     

再生水管理体制机制研究——以天津市为例

以天津市再生水管理为分析对象，通过考察天津市水务管理的横向责任分工与纵向管理流程的现状，深入分析水资源管理的体制、资金、配套设施、政策法规等方面，提出我国水务管理中存在认识不统一、政策措施激励与约束作用不足、投融资体制不完善、相关信息不透明等问题。并建议从统一认识、集中管理、完善投融资机制和价格体制以及建立水资源信息平台等方面推动水务管理体制机制的改革。     

液态高炉渣热量回收利用方法及问题

钢铁冶金行业生产会产生大量的高炉渣.高炉渣由于自身温度比较高,含热量丰富,对能源工业来说是一种很好的二次资源.世界上已有一些国家对高炉渣热量的回收利用进行了一定的研究,而国内这方面的研究却很少.详细介绍了近几年国内外对高炉渣热量回收利用的情况,在此基础上,阐述了高炉渣热回收技术需要解决的关键问题和发展趋势.     

复合溶剂萃取氨基酸的初步研究

以Lewis酸性萃取剂和Lewis碱性萃取剂组成的复合萃取剂(正辛烷为稀释剂)萃取L-苯丙氨酸为研究对象，研究了Lewis酸／Lewis碱配对以及pH值对萃取分配系数的影响。N263与辛酸、月桂酸等组成的复合溶剂萃取规律比较复杂。红外谱图研究表明，己酸与TOA配对组成的复合溶剂(正辛烷为稀释剂)为离子对溶剂、己酸、辛酸、月桂酸及P204分别与TOA配对组成的复合溶剂萃取L-苯丙氨酸，在低pH条件下为阳离子交换反应，在高pH条件下为阴离子交换反应。