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981.
We developed an approach for inventorying wetland resources, assessing their condition, and determining restoration potential
in a watershed context. This article outlines how this approach can be developed into a Wetland Monitoring Matrix (WMM) that
can help resource management agencies make regulatory and nonregulatory decisions. The WMM can be embedded in a standard planning
process (Wetlands, Wildlife, and Watershed Assessment Techniques for Evaluation and Restoration, or W3ATER) involving the setting of objectives, assessing the condition of the resource, prioritizing watersheds or sites, implementing
projects, and evaluating progress. To that process we have added the concepts of reference, hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification,
and prioritization for protection and restoration by triage or adaptive management. Three levels of effort are possible, increasing
in detail and diagnostic reliability as data collection shifts from remote sensing to intensive sampling on the ground. Of
key importance is the use of a consistent set of monitoring protocols for conducting condition assessments, designing restoration
and creation projects, and evaluating the performance of mitigation projects; the same variables are measured regardless of
the intended use of the data. This approach can be tailored to any region by establishing a reference set of wetlands organized
by HGM subclasses, prioritizing watersheds and individual wetlands, and implementing consistent monitoring protocols. Application
of the approach is illustrated with examples from wetlands and streams of the Spring Creek Watershed in central Pennsylvania,
USA. 相似文献
982.
An Evaluation of the Influence of Natural Science in Regional-Scale Restoration Projects 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Regional-scale restoration is a tool of growing importance in environmental management, and the number, scope, and complexity
of restoration programs is increasing. Although the importance of natural science to the success of such projects generally
is recognized, the actual use of natural science in these programs rarely has been evaluated. We used techniques of program
evaluation to examine the use of natural science in six American and three Western European regional-scale restoration programs.
Our results suggest that ensuring the technical rigor and directed application of the science is important to program development
and delivery. However, the influence of science may be constrained if strategies for its integration into the broader program
are lacking. Consequently, the influence of natural science in restoration programs is greatest when formal mechanisms exist
for incorporating science into programs, for example, via a framework for integration of science and policy. Our evaluation
proposes a model that can be used to enhance the influence of natural science in regional-scale restoration programs in the
United States and elsewhere. 相似文献
983.
Putting humans in ecology: consistency in science and management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Normal and abnormal levels of human participation in ecosystems can be revealed through the use of macro-ecological patterns. Such patterns also provide consistent and objective guidance that will lead to achieving and maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability. This paper focuses on the consistency of this type of guidance and management. Such management, in sharp contrast to current management practices, ensures that our actions as individuals, institutions, political groups, societies, and as a species are applied consistently across all temporal, spatial, and organizational scales. This approach supplants management of today, where inconsistency results from debate, politics, and legal and religious polarity. Consistency is achieved when human endeavors are guided by natural patterns. Pattern-based management meets long-standing demands for enlightened management that requires humans to participate in complex systems in consistent and sustainable ways. 相似文献
984.
Capped waste sites often are vegetated with commercial turf grasses to increase evapotranspiration and prevent erosion and
possible exposure of the barrier. Fertilizer, frequent watering, and mowing may be required to establish the turf grass and
prevent invasion by trees and shrubs. Oldfield vegetation of grasses and forbs is a possible sustainable alternative to turf
grass communities. To determine if oldfield vegetation can establish on caps, we (1) compared establishment of a dominant
oldfield grass and a commercial turf grass under different combinations of new closure cap management: spring or summer planting
and presence or absence of amendments to alleviate drought (watering, mulch) or increase soil fertility (fertilizer, lime,
a nitrogen-fixing legume); (2) surveyed existing caps to determine if oldfield species establish naturally; and (3) performed
a greenhouse experiment to compare growth of two native grasses under low and amended (added water, soil nutrients) conditions.
Both the commercial grass and oldfield species established under new cap conditions; fertilizer, water, and mulch improved
vegetation establishment in spring or summer, but legumes decreased grass cover. In the greenhouse, both native grasses grew
best with amendments; however, substantial stem and root length were obtained with no fertilizer and only once-weekly watering.
Existing vegetated caps supported planted grasses and naturally established oldfield species. Overall, the results indicate
native grasses can establish on new caps and oldfields can serve as a management model; further work is needed to determine
the management strategy to maintain herbaceous vegetation and slow woody species invasion. 相似文献
985.
The effect of specimen confinement on the determination of the effective diffusion coefficients, D*, for chloride, a non-reactive (non-adsorbing) solute, diffusing in a compacted soil was evaluated. The diffusion tests were performed by placing an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution containing ZnCl2 (pH approximately 4.8) in a reservoir in contact with unconfined and confined specimens of a compacted sand-clay mixture for test durations of 7 or 14 d. The concentrations of chloride in the reservoir were measured as a function of time during the test, as well as a function of depth within the specimen at the end of the test. The resulting concentration distributions were analyzed using two models to Fick's second law for non-reactive solute diffusion in porous media, viz., (1) an analytical model assuming the porosity distribution could be represented by a single, weighted mean porosity and (2) a commercially available model, POLLUTE, that directly accounted for the measured porosity distribution. The D* for unconfined specimens based on the analytical model tended to be overestimated by a factor ranging from 1.13 to 1.59 relative to the D* using POLLUTE, whereas the D* values based on both methods for confined specimens typically were more consistent. In addition, the D* for unconfined specimens was greater than the D* for confined specimens when soil concentrations were used for the analysis, presumably due to the higher porosity for the unconfined specimens relative to the confined specimens. Analyses based on reservoir concentrations were inconsistent and contradictory in some cases, suggesting that the D* values based on soil concentrations were more reliable. 相似文献
986.
Zhang C Yoon H Werth CJ Valocchi AJ Basu NB Jawitz JW 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,102(1-2):49-60
Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution was studied in three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous experimental aquifers (25.5 cm x 9 cm x 8.5 cm) with two different longitudinal correlation lengths (2.1 cm and 1.1 cm) and initial spill volumes (22.5 ml and 10.5 ml). Spatial and temporal distributions of NAPL during dissolution were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At high NAPL spill volume, average effluent concentrations initially increased during dissolution, as NAPL pools transitioned to NAPL ganglia, and then decreased as the total NAPL-water interfacial area decreased over time. Experimental results were used to test six dissolution models: (i and ii) a one-dimensional (1D) model using either specific NAPL-water interfacial area values estimated from MR images at each time step (i.e., 1D quasi-steady state model), or an empirical mass transfer (Sh') correlation (i.e., 1D transient model), (iii and iv) a multiple analytical source superposition technique (MASST) using either the NAPL distribution determined from MR images at each time step (i.e., MASST steady state model), or the NAPL distribution determined from mass balance calculations (i.e., MASST transient model), (v) an equilibrium streamtube model, and (vi) a 3D grid-scale pool dissolution model (PDM) with a dispersive mass flux term. The 1D quasi-steady state model and 3D PDM captured effluent concentration values most closely, including some concentration fluctuations due to changes in the extent of flow reduction. The 1D transient, MASST steady state and transient, and streamtube models all showed a monotonic decrease in effluent concentration values over time, and the streamtube model was the most computationally efficient. Changes during dissolution of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area estimated from imaging data are similar to changes in effluent concentration values. The 1D steady state model incorporates estimates of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area directly at each time point; the 3D PDM does so indirectly through mass balance and a relative permeability function, which causes reduced water flow through high saturation NAPL regions. Hence, when model accuracy is required, the results indicate that a surrogate of this effective interfacial area is required. Approaches to include this surrogate in the MASST and streamtube models are recommended. 相似文献
987.
Peltier GL Meyer JL Jagoe CH Hopkins WA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(2):283-290
We used the biomonitor, Corbicula fluminea, to investigate the contributions of trace elements associated with different point sources and land uses in a large river. Trace elements were analyzed in tissues of clams collected from 15 tributary streams draining five land use or point source types: agriculture, forest, urban, coal-fired power plant (CFPP), and wastewater (WWTP). Clams from forested catchments had elevated Hg concentrations, and concentrations of arsenic and selenium were highest (5.0+/-0.2 and 13.6+/-0.9 microg g(-1) dry mass (DM), respectively) in clams from CFPP sites. Cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in clams from urban and CFPP sites (4.1+/-0.2 and 3.6+/-0.9 microg g(-1) DM, respectively). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) of tissue concentrations in clams clustered at CFPP and forest/agriculture sites at opposite ends of the ordination space, and the distribution of sites was driven by Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg. 相似文献
988.
Seasonal variation of heavy metals in ambient air and precipitation at a single site in Washington, DC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Melaku S Morris V Raghavan D Hosten C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(1):88-98
Atmospheric samples of precipitation and ambient air were collected at a single site in Washington, DC, for 7 months (for ambient air samples) and 1 year (for wet deposition samples) and analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations for 6-day wet deposition samples collected over the 1-year period were 0.20-1.3 microg/l, 0.060-5.1 microg/l, 0.062-4.6 microg/l and 0.11-3.2 microg/l for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead, respectively, with a precision better than 5% for more than 95% of the measurements. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations for the 6-day ambient air samples were 0.800-15.7 ng/m(3), 1.50-30.0 ng/m(3), 16.8-112 ng/m(3), and 2.90-137 ng/m(3) for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead, respectively, with a precision better than 10%. The spread in the heavy metal concentration over the observation period suggests a high seasonal variability for heavy metal content in both ambient air and wet deposition samples. 相似文献
989.
Han YJ Holsen TM Evers DC Driscoll CT 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1348-1356
Changes in deposition of gaseous divalent mercury (Hg(II)) and particulate mercury (Hg(p)) in New Hampshire due to changes in local sources from 1996 to 2002 were assessed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model (regional and global sources and Hg atmospheric reactions were not considered). Mercury (Hg) emissions in New Hampshire and adjacent areas decreased significantly (from 1540 to 880 kg yr−1) during this period, and the average annual modeled deposition of total Hg also declined from 17 to 7.0 μg m−2 yr−1 for the same period. In 2002, the maximum amount of Hg deposition was modeled to be in southern New Hampshire, while for 1996 the maximum deposition occurred farther north and east. The ISCST3 was also used to evaluate two future scenarios. The average percent difference in deposition across all cells was 5% for the 50% reduction scenario and 9% for the 90% reduction scenario. 相似文献
990.
Jonathan Thornburg Charles E. Rodes Phillip A. Lawless Ron Williams 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(28):4251-4258
The Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) provided data to compare outdoor residential coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) concentrations in six different areas of Detroit with data from a central monitoring site. Daily and seasonal influences on the spatial distribution of PM10–2.5 during Summer 2006 and Winter 2007 were investigated using data collected with the newly developed coarse particle exposure monitor (CPEM). These data allowed the representativeness of the community monitoring site to be assessed for the greater Detroit metro area. Multiple CPEMs collocated with a dichotomous sampler determined the precision and accuracy of the CPEM PM10–2.5 and PM2.5 data.CPEM PM2.5 concentrations agreed well with the dichotomous sampler data. The slope was 0.97 and the R2 was 0.91. CPEM concentrations had an average 23% negative bias and R2 of 0.81. The directional nature of the CPEM sampling efficiency due to bluff body effects probably caused the negative CPEM concentration bias.PM10–2.5 was observed to vary spatially and temporally across Detroit, reflecting the seasonal impact of local sources. Summer PM10–2.5 was 5 μg m?3 higher in the two industrial areas near downtown than the average concentrations in other areas of Detroit. An area impacted by vehicular traffic had concentrations 8 μg m?3 higher than the average concentrations in other parts of Detroit in the winter due to the suspected suspension of road salt. PM10–2.5 Pearson Correlation Coefficients between monitoring locations varied from 0.03 to 0.76. All summer PM10–2.5 correlations were greater than 0.28 and statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Winter PM10–2.5 correlations greater than 0.33 were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The PM10–2.5 correlations found to be insignificant were associated with the area impacted by mobile sources during the winter. The suspected suspension of road salt from the Southfield Freeway, combined with a very stable atmosphere, caused concentrations to be greater in this area compared to other areas of Detroit. These findings indicated that PM10–2.5, although correlated in some instances, varies sufficiently across a complex urban airshed that that a central monitoring site may not adequately represent the population's exposure to PM10–2.5. 相似文献