安徽省地下水观测及群测群防管理信息系统

建立安徽省地下水观测及群测群防网管理信息系统，有利于实现市县地震监测预报工作信息化、规范化管理。本文系统地介绍了安徽省地下水观测及群测群防管理信息系统的主要内容、研制思路和研究成果。该系统的完成对推进安徽省地下水观测及群测群防网管理乃至全省地震监测预报信息管理将发挥积极作用。     

遥感监测沙尘暴的研究进展及趋势

沙尘暴是一种气象灾害,也是严重的生态环境问题.它对自然环境和经济社会的危害已越来越引起人类的重视.随着环境遥感的发展,运用遥感技术对沙尘暴进行监测是最有效的方法之一.文章通过对中国沙尘暴遥感监测研究的现状的概述以及对当前遥感应用的技术水平的分析,展望了未来遥感监测沙尘暴的发展趋势.     

秦皇岛海域生态环境特征与赤潮监测

在简述秦皇岛海域自然环境特征与营养盐分布及赤潮生物特征的基础上，采用营养状态指数和浮游植物生态特征指标对该海域富营养化状态给予评价。调查表明，该海域自７０ 年代末以来共发现３２种赤潮生物。     

表面活性剂及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响因子初探

采用室内序批试验研究了土—水体系中非离子型表面活性剂(Tween80)和水溶性有机物(DOM)的投加次序、试验平衡时间及离子强度等环境因素对表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的联合效应。结果表明,表面活性剂Tween80和DOM都可促进菲、芘的解吸,当两者同时加入体系时,菲、芘的解吸率是对照的2.55～3.12倍(菲)和7.61～9.61倍(芘),两者之间存在协同效应;与两者同时加入相比,振荡12h后加入Tween80,菲、芘的解吸率增加了1.81～3.3%(菲)和7.55～9.51%(芘),而振荡12h后加入DOM,菲、芘的解吸率基本无变化;试验还证实,随着离子强度的增加,体系中菲、芘解吸率呈下降趋势,但不同处理间无明显的差异性。     

~(35)S-杀虫双在模拟水生生态系统中的生物吸收和消失

本文应用模拟生态实验装置和同位素示踪技术研究了~(35)S-杀虫双农药在模拟水生生态系统中的生物吸收和消失。在水—芜萍(Wolffia arrhiza wimm)—草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)—螺生态系统中,为期20d的蓄积试验表明,芜萍生物积聚率达24.65≥螺(肉1.67)>鱼(肉0.52);鱼体内脏因含未排出的芜萍而其积聚率(4.01)>鳃(1.66)>骨(0.95)>肉(0.52);转入洁水后,鱼体内的~(35)S-杀虫双可因排泄、代谢等原因而消失,残留消失半减期约10d,无生物浓缩。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Prochloron sp./ascidian symbioses

The prokaryotic green alga Prochloron sp. (Prochlorophyta) is found in symbiotic association with colonial didemnid ascidians that inhabit warm tropical waters in a broad range of light environments. We sought to determine the light-adaptation features of this alga in relation to the natural light environments in which the symbioses are found, and to characterize the temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis and respiration of Prochloron sp. in order to assess its physiological role in the productivity and distribution of the symbiosis. Colonies of the host ascidian Lissoclinum patella were collected from exposed and shaded habitats in a shallow lagoon in Palau, West Caroline Islands, during February and March, 1983. Some colonies from the two light habitats were maintained under conditions of high light (2 200 E m^–2 s^–1) and low light (400 E m^–2 s^–1) in running seawater tanks. The environments were characterized in terms of daily light quantum fluxes, daily periods of light-saturated photosynthesis (H_sat), and photon flux density levels. Prochloron sp. cells were isolated from the hosts and examined for their photosynthesis vs irradiance relationships, respiration, pigment content and photosynthetic unit features. In addition, daily P:R ratios, photosynthetic quotients, carbon balances and photosynthetic carbon release were also characterized. It was found that Prochloron sp. cells from low-light colonies possessed lower chlorophyll a/b ratios, larger photosynthetic units sizes based on both reaction I and reaction II, similar numbers of reaction center I and reaction center II per cell, lower respiration levels, and lower P_max values than cells from high-light colonies. Cells isolated from low-light colonies showed photoinhibition of P_max at photon flux densities above 800 E m^–2 s^–1. However, because the host tissue attenuates about 60 to 80% of the incident irradiance, it is unlikely that these cells are normally photoinhibited in hospite. Collectively, the light-adaptation features of Prochloron sp. were more similar to those of eukaryotic algae and vascular plant chloroplasts than to those of cyanobacteria, and the responses were more sensitive to the daily flux of photosynthetic quantum than to photon flux density per se. Calculation of daily minimum carbon balances indicated that, though high-light cells had daily P:R ratios of 1.0 compared to 4.6 for low-light cells, the cells from the two different light environments showed nearly identical daily carbon gains. Cells isolated from high-light colonies released between 15 and 20% of their photosynthetically-fixed carbon, levels sufficient to be important in the nutrition of the host. Q₁₀ responses of photosynthesis and respiration in Prochloron sp. cells exposed briefly (15–45 min) to temperatures between 15° and 45°C revealed a discontinuity in the photosynthetic response at the ambient growth temperatures. The photosynthetic rates were found to be more than twice as sensitive to temperatures below ambient (Q₁₀=3.47) than to temperatures above ambient (Q₁₀=1.47). The Q₁₀ for respiration was constant (Q₁₀=1.66) over the temperature range examined. It appears that the photosynthetic temperature sensitivity of Prochloron sp. may restrict its distribution to warmer tropical waters. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed in relation to published data on other symbiotic systems and free-living algae.     

Monolignol biosynthesis and genetic engineering of lignin in trees, a review

This paper summarizes our previous and current research on genetic engineering of lignin biosynthesis for the purposes of improving wood pulping and bleaching efficiency. For these purposes, our targets were to produce transgenic trees with low content of lignin that is also chemically reactive (high lignin S/G ratio). Using aspen as a model species, we have characterized the biochemical functions of various genes and the kinetic properties of these gene products involved in monolignol biosynthetic pathway. The results of these characterizations proved strong evidence for a principle phenolic flux leading to the formation of monolignols. Biochemical evidence further demonstrated that, in this principle flux, 4CL could be the enzyme limiting total lignin accumulation, whereas CAld5H might control the lignin S/G ratio. These propositions were fully supported by the in vivo functions of these enzymes. Transgenic trees with inhibited 4CL enzyme activity exhibited 5–45% reduction in lignin contents. The chemical structure of the resulting lignin remained essentially unchanged. More importantly, the lignin reduction was compensated for by a concomitant increase in cellulose content. When antisense 4CL and sense coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H) genes were simultaneously transferred into aspen via Agrobacterium, transgenic trees expressing each one and both of the transgenes were produced. Lignin reductions up to 55% were achieved in antisense 4CL plants and up to 3-fold S/G increases were observed in sense CAld5H plants. These effects were independent but additive, with plants expressing both transgenes having less lignin and higher S/G ratio. Consistent with our previous results, lignin reduction has always resulted in an increase in cellulose content. These transgenics could be potentially valuable for pulp production. But more importantly, these benchmark transgenics are rich sources of information for functional genomics and metabolic engineering, allowing the generation of the ultimate raw materials for wood pulp production.     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

Heavy metals in the Sea-Skater Halobates robustus from the Galápagos Islands: Concentrations in nature and uptake experiments,with special reference to cadmium

Samples of Halobates robustus Barber (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from the Galápagos Islands were analysed by optical emission spectrometry. The levels (in g g^-1 dry weight) of Zn (134), Cu (155), Pb (< 1), Cd (7), and Cr (3) were not significantly different among insects of different sexes or developmental stages. The low natural levels of Cd in H. robustus from the relatively unpolluted environment of the Galápagos Islands are compared to the high concentrations of Cd in Halobates spp. from relatively polluted regions. Since the measured levels of Cd in their natural zooplankton food rarely exceed 10 g g^-1, and very little of the Cd is found in the soft tissues, the high Cd concentrations (100 to 200 g g^–1) in some seaskater species have evidently been derived by drinking from the surface microlayer of the seawater.     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.