A meteorologically adjusted ensemble Kalman filter approach for inversing daily emissions: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China

The conventional Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which is now widely used to calibrate emission inventories and to improve air quality simulations, is susceptible to simulation errors of meteorological inputs, making accurate updates of high temporal-resolution emission inventories challenging. In this study, we developed a novel meteorologically adjusted inversion method (MAEInv) based on the EnKF to improve daily emission estimations. The new method combines sensitivity analysis and bias correction to alleviate the inversion biases caused by errors of meteorological inputs. For demonstration, we used the MAEInv to inverse daily carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. In the case study, 60% of the total CO simulation biases were associated with sensitive meteorological inputs, which would lead to the overestimation of daily variations of posterior emissions. Using the new inversion method, daily variations of emissions shrank dramatically, with the percentage change decreased by 30%. Also, the total amount of posterior CO emissions estimated by the MAEInv decreased by 14%, indicating that posterior CO emissions might be overestimated using the conventional EnKF. Model evaluations using independent observations revealed that daily CO emissions estimated by MAEInv better reproduce the magnitude and temporal patterns of ambient CO concentration, with a higher correlation coefficient (R, +37.0%) and lower normalized mean bias (NMB, -17.9%). Since errors of meteorological inputs are major sources of simulation biases for both low-reactive and reactive pollutants, the MAEInv is also applicable to improve the daily emission inversions of reactive pollutants.     

重金属在水体中的化学状态、危害及其 防治对策

本文对目前研究最多的汞、铬、镉、铅和砷等重金属,详细分析了它们在水体中的迁移转化、价态变化、吸附与解吸附作用、吸附和共沉淀作用等动态过程;简要地阐述五种重金属对水体的污染给人体带来的危害;重点讨论了对水体重金属污染采取控制与消除土壤污染源、含重金属工业废水的排放和生物修复技术等防治对策。     

乳状液膜法治理草甘膦废水

采用液膜分离技术从草甘膦生产废水中回收可利用资源草甘膦,并通过实际工业废水进行验证。主要考察了外水相pH值、乳水比及内水相浓度对草甘膦去除的影响。试验结果表明:以航空煤油为溶剂,3%表面活性剂(质量分数),4%载体(体积分数),10%NaOH内水相,油内比Roi为2∶1乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为1%的草甘膦工业废水,在pH值为2,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,草甘膦去除率可达85%以上。     

洞庭湖流域农业旱灾风险评价

基于洞庭湖流域1993-2011年的自然、社会经济等资料系列,立足于致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性的自然属性和承灾体易损性的社会属性两方面,建立指标体系,并在此基础上,运用GIS技术与数理统计相结合的方法,对该流域农业旱灾风险进行综合评价。结果表明:从整体上看,长沙市和湘潭市为农业旱灾高风险区,益阳市和衡阳市为较高风险区,岳阳市、邵阳市和怀化市为中等风险区,娄底市为较低风险区,株洲市、郴州市、永州市、常德市、张家界市和湘西自治州为低风险区。孕灾环境脆弱性、致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性的差异是导致各地州市农业旱灾风险度大小的症结所在。     

1950年以来广西洪涝灾害及趋势预测

基于对历史上广西洪涝灾害数据分析的基础上, 总结了广西洪涝灾害的特点, 并用多种方法对广西的洪涝发生趋势进行了预测, 以便能够更好地配合防灾减灾活动     

缅甸的森林保护法律制度

<正>森林乃维护自然界生态平衡、调节大气、净化环境的重要可持续资源。东南亚林业大国缅旬多年来在推动林木经济发展同时,尽力实对林业资源的可再生保护。迄今为止,该国已逐渐形成由现行《缅甸联邦森     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78–42.74 mg/g, 5.71–19.53 mg/g and 6.71–8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The aboveground biomass (leaves and culms) of the marsh plants generally contained more BSi than underground biomass (roots). BSi contents were relatively higher in dead plant tissues than in live tissues which was probably due to the decomposition and the leaching of labile components of plant tissues such as organic carbon and nitrogen. Comparing with the habitats of S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora, the highest BSi content was recorded in sediments inhabited by P. australis, with an annual average of 15.69 mg/g. Overall, the intertidal marshes in the Yangtze Estuary may act as a net sink of BSi via plant uptake and sedimentary burial.     

高效液相色谱法测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR

应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR（MC—LR）。以乙醇／三氟乙酸混合水溶液为流动相（醇水比例为45：55（V/V）,水溶液含0．1％三氟乙酸）,MC—LR在ODS色谱柱上获得理想的分离效果;在样品前处理中,使用含0．1％三氟乙酸的乙醇溶液可以获得较好的MC—LR提取效率;通过优化前处理及仪器检测条件,有效去除样品基体干扰,检测结果令人满意。     

发展循环经济创建生态长沙

循环经济是一种以提高生态效率为核心、以遵循3R技术为原则、以两低一高为基本特征、符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式.推行循环经济是实现社会-经济-环境系统可持续发展的必由之路.通过阐述循环经济内涵,并就长沙环境质量、资源供需情况、农业发展等方面作了分析,并且分析了长沙推行循环经济可能面临的问题,提出发展循环经济是长沙新的发展经济模式和实现经济、社会、环境协调发展的战略选择,并就此提出了建议.