山地城市排水管网特细颗粒物特性及变化规律

对山地城市排水管网中特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征及变化规律、Zeta电位分布特征及变化规律和ρ(SS)的变化规律进行研究,同时对相关水化学参数(如电导率、pH)的变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:特细颗粒物的平均粒径、Zeta电位、ρ(SS)和电导率分别为21.04～73.53μm、-20.83～-11.15 mV、106～492 mg/L和973～2 445μS/cm,其统计平均值分别为(43.74±14.12)μm、(-17.95±1.88)mV、(233±90)mg/L和(1 343±331)μS/cm;pH为7.25～7.63.工业废水的排入对排水管网特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征、Zeta电位分布特征以及电导率有显著的影响并呈现出一定的规律性;传统沉砂池对进水中特细颗粒物的去除能力相当有限,特细颗粒物会直接进入生物处理系统.      

Efficiency of mercapto flavor compounds in removing acrylamide under high temperature and low humidity conditions

Acrylamide (AA) is a potential human carcinogen, genotoxicant, and neurotoxicant. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the ability of mercapto flavor compounds to remove AA released from consumer packaging into food products. Four mercapto flavor compounds including 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1-butanethiol, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and 2-furanmethanethiol were employed to extract AA in model system using high temperature and low humidity. Our study showed that mercaptans were effective in eliminating AA in our model system. In order to remove 0.2 μmol AA, the optimal conditions in the reaction system were mercaptan flavor chemicals at 5 μmol, temperature 180 °C, and reaction time 25 min. In the presence of a higher pH, the greater was the amount of AA eliminated. Evidence indicates that employment of mercapto flavor chemicals under certain temperature and pH conditions is a reliable method to remove any unwanted AA from food products.     

High zinc removal from water and soil using struvite-supported diatomite obtained by nitrogen and phosphate recovery from wastewater

Zinc is known as an essential element of human life. However, excessive zinc discharge into water and soil causes water pollution, leading to serious health issues such as septicemia, meningitis and iron-deficiency anemia. Here, a novel material made of struvite-supported diatomite was obtained from eutrophic water treated by mesoporous MgO-modified diatomite. This material was applied for zinc remediation in aqueous solutions and contaminated soils to test the reuse of P-containing products. Struvite-supported diatomite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show that the maximum removal efficiency of Zn(II) from wastewater streams reached 90.54% at an initial pH of 5 and struvite-supported diatomite dosage of 0.3 g/L. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction patterns of precipitates after Zn(II) sorption show that the combination between zinc and the phosphate group played a key role for zinc removal in solution. For Zn-contaminated soils amended with 10% struvite-supported diatomite, available Zn decreased by 65.38% and acid soluble Zn decreased by 56.9% after 56 days.     

上硬下软双层地基极限承载力的计算方法研究

上硬下软双层地基的极限承载力是一个比较复杂的问题,现有各实用计算方法都有一定的局限性,在计算时往往误差较大。依据已提出的砂层下卧黏土层时条形基础的极限承载力计算公式,与经典文献中的离心机试验数据进行对比,验证了公式的准确性。基于有限元法建立了上硬下软双层地基数值计算模型,通过与已有试验结果及前人数值计算结果的对比进行了验证,然后利用该模型对公式涉及的主要参数进行了分析。结果表明,黏土层的归一化强度和砂层的剪胀角会对地基破坏模式产生影响,当cu/γB≤2、扩散角按照建议公式取值时,推导出的公式计算结果比较准确;而上下土层的模量比对承载力并无明显的影响。     

滤纸法测定膨胀土总吸力试验及基质吸力预测研究

采用滤纸法测定膨胀土体吸力时,滤纸与土体表面距离不同所测得的滤纸含水率也不一样,获得的总吸力亦不相同。为此采用滤纸法开展了不同距离下的膨胀土总吸力测定试验,获得了不同距离条件下滤纸含水率的变化规律。干密度较小时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大呈现"减小-增大-减小"的规律;干密度较大时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定。距离为3cm时所测得的吸力离散程度较小,可作为测定土体总吸力的标准距离。根据总吸力-距离关系式,通过引入伪基质吸力的概念,计算得到伪基质吸力,并与相应的真基质吸力进行比较。结果表明:不同干密度及含水率下的膨胀土真基质吸力与伪基质吸力之间存在良好的线性关系。此法可为测定现场土体基质吸力提供新的思路。     

The greater roles of indigenous microorganisms in removing nitrobenzene from sediment compared with the exogenous <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> and strain JS45

The feasibility of using Phragmites australis-JS45 system in removing nitrobenzene from sediments was conducted. However, it was observed that nitrobenzene degraded rapidly and was removed completely within 20 days in native sediments, raising the possibility that indigenous microorganisms may play important roles in nitrobenzene degradation. Consequently, this study aimed to verify this possibility and investigate the potential nitrobenzene degraders among indigenous microorganisms in sediments. The abundance of inoculated strain JS45 and indigenous bacteria in sediments was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, community structure of the indigenous bacteria was analyzed through high throughput sequencing based on Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that indigenous bacteria in native sediments were abundant, approximately 10¹⁴ CFU/g dry weight, which is about six orders of magnitude higher than that in fertile soils. In addition, the levels of indigenous Proteobacteria (Acinetobacter, Comamonadaceae_ uncultured, Pseudomonas, and Thauera) and Firmicutes (Clostridium, Sporacetigenium, Fusibacter, Youngiibacter, and Trichococcus) increased significantly during nitrobenzene removal. Their quantities sharply decreased after nitrobenzene was removed completely, except for Pseudomonas and Thauera. Based on the results, it can be concluded that indigenous microorganisms including Proteobacteria and Firmicutes can have great potential for removing nitrobenzene from sediments. Although P. australis - JS45 system was set up in an attempt to eliminate nitrobenzene from sediments, and the system did not meet the expectation. The findings still provide valuable information on enhancing nitrobenzene removal by optimizing the sediment conditions for better growth of indigenous Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.

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Towards a politics of disaster response: presidential disaster instructions in China, 1998–2012

China's disaster management system contains no law‐based presidential disaster declarations; however, the national leader's instructions (pishi in Chinese) play a similar role to disaster declarations, which increase the intensity of disaster relief. This raises the question of what affects presidential disaster instructions within an authoritarian regime. This research shows that China's disaster politics depend on a crisis threshold system for operation and that the public and social features of disasters are at the core of this system. China's political cycle has no significant impact on disaster politics. A change in the emergency management system has a significant bearing on presidential disaster instructions, reflecting the strong influence of the concept of rule of law and benefiting the sustainable development of the emergency management system. In terms of disaster politics research, unlocking the black box of China's disaster politics and increasing the number of comparative political studies will benefit the development of empirical and theoretical study.     

膨润土团粒的压实性能研究

高放核废料深地质处置中,膨润土缓冲/回填材料需要满足低渗透性要求,实现阻滞地下水入渗和放射性核素泄漏的目标。增强膨润土防渗能力的常规方法是采用增大压实功提高其密实度,但该方法十分耗时耗能。为此,尝试从调整膨润土团(颗)粒级配角度,探究提高压实度的有效方法。首先,配置不同团粒级配和初始含水率的膨润土试样,再利用压力机压实到45 kN;最后,采用液氮冻干法干燥不同状态的试样,通过压汞仪获得其孔隙分布曲线。结果表明:相同压实荷载下(45 kN),干密度随含水率呈先增大后减小的整体变化趋势,含水率约为20%时压实效果最佳,其中O-B组合与A-B-3组合具有双峰特征;另外,通过调整团粒级配,压实效果显著提升,最大干密度由1.64 g/cm-3提高到1.72 g/cm³,其中A-B-3团粒组合效果最好。孔隙分布曲线表明,压实荷载只能压缩-3.59~0.188 μm-范围的孔隙,而对26 nm左右的孔隙没有影响。当含水率超过20%时,依靠增大压实荷载不能提高其压实度,但当改变团粒组合后,却可以有效提高其压实性能。     

电镀污泥中重金属溶出动力学及其在土壤中的归趋

电镀污泥是电镀工业中重金属的"汇",在降水的作用下可能向环境释放大量的重金属.本文通过连续浸出实验和动力学拟合探究了电镀污泥中重金属的溶出特性,并分析了重金属在土壤中的吸附、迁移转化及淋出行为.结果表明,在淋溶初期,重金属从电镀污泥中大量释放,且土壤中Cr （Ⅵ）、Ni的淋出浓度分别高达0.102、0.222 mg·L^-1.淋溶后,表层土壤中Ni、Cu的总量及可交换态/碳酸盐结合态含量均显著增加;由于专性吸附作用,Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态含量也大量增加,Cu在土壤中的吸附率高达89.32%~97.67%,降低了其从土壤中的淋出风险.Cr、Ni、Cu更易在红壤中发生吸附并转化为稳定的有机结合态,降低了重金属的潜在迁移性;相应地,电镀污泥中释放的Cr、Ni、Cu在栗钙土中具有较高的淋出风险.     

中国实现碳达峰的政策建议——基于碳定价机制模型的多情景模拟分析

碳定价机制是利用市场机制推动碳减排、减缓气候变化方案的核心内容,包括碳排放权交易和碳税等措施。尽管新冠肺炎疫情打乱了经济发展节奏,但是中国主动提高国家自主贡献力度,积极推进战略提升与政策强化。本研究构建并运用"碳定价机制模型"模拟涵盖不同主体范围及政策组合下的碳排放权交易市场运行情况,分析评估碳减排效果及经济影响,为丰富完善我国实现碳达峰的政策工具提供技术支持。