Population health risk via dietary exposure to trace elements (Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Hg,and As) in Qiqihar,Northeastern China

The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of six trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in vegetables (leafy vegetable, i.e., bok choy, fruit vegetables, i.e., cucumber and tomato, and other categories, i.e., mushroom, kidney bean, and potato), cereals (rice and wheat flour), and meats (pork, mutton, and beef) most commonly consumed by adult inhabitants of Qiqihar, Northeastern China, were determined to assess the health status of local people. The average EDIs of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were with 20.77 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Cu, 288 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Zn, 2.01 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Pb, 0.41 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Cd, 0.01 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Hg, and 0.52 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of As, respectively, which are below the daily allowance recommended by FAO/WHO. However, the maximum EDIs of Pb and Cd were 4.56 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 and 1.68 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1, respectively, which are above the recommended levels [i.e., 3.58 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 for Pb and 1.0 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 for Cd] by FAO/WHO. This finding indicates that the potential health risk induced by daily ingestion of Pb and Cd for the local residents should receive a significant concern. Similarly, we detected elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, i.e., with average of 13.58 and 0.60 mg kg^?1 dw, respectively, in the adult scalp hairs. Consumption of rice, potato, bok choy, and wheat flour contributed to 75 and 82% of Pb and Cd daily intake from foodstuffs. Nevertheless, human scalp hair is inappropriate biological material for determination of the nutritional status of trace elements in this region.     

多类型地震动作用下高层结构的易损性分析

以低频成分为主的长周期地震动容易引起中、长周期结构的破坏,针对这类特殊的地震动,现行抗震规范没有相应的条文,且有关单独考虑长周期地震动作用下结构动力响应的研究成果很少。以一个30层框架剪力墙高层结构为例,利用Perform-3D三维有限元软件进行建模,选取10条远场长周期地震动、10条近场长周期地震动以及10条普通地震动,将最大层间位移角作为工程需求参数,S_a(T₁,5%)作为地震强度指标。基于增量动力分析方法对该结构进行动力时程分析,并定义了4个结构性能水平,然后统计不同地震强度下的结构需求,获取地震易损性曲线,最终对比评价了三类地震动作用下结构的易损性。     

吉林省西部草地的时空变化及其驱动因素分析

吉林省西部草地退化严重,研究该区草地时空演变对其畜牧业及生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。利用1980、1995、2000年三期遥感影像,在RS与GIS支持下,解译提取该区草地信息,分析其时空变化。结果表明:①20年来,草地面积减少40.70%,尤其高覆盖度草地,净减少率达51.96%;②1980至1995年,从动态度可以看出高覆盖度草地对草地整体变化影响较大;1995至2000年,总动态度和高、中覆盖度草地动态度接近,这两种草地类型对草地整体变化影响较大;③草地主要转化为耕地和盐碱地,转移面积分别达475799.43hm²和303182.06hm²;④20年来,各类型草地重心向东北方向偏移,不同阶段各类型草地重心偏移表现出无规律性、多向性。自然因素对该区草地退化起到一定的驱动作用,人类活动干扰则是主要驱动力。     

不同利用方式对松嫩平原典型县耕地土壤养分状况的影响

耕地是受人为活动影响最强、对人类生存最重要的土地资源类型之一,研究不同利用方式对耕地的利用对土壤理化性状的影响可以为土壤资源管理与合理利用提供依据.本文选取国家重点商品粮食基地松嫩平原九台市,在获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,系统分析了不同耕地利用方式土壤养分状况的影响.结果表明,在11种土壤养分中,有效锌和有效磷的总变异系数最大,pH值和阳离子变异系数最小.不同耕地利用方式对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾具有显著影响,而对土壤缓效钾的影响不显著.因农户对菜地的投入及管理水平明显高于粮田,造成菜地土壤的有机质和大量元素含量高于粮田.除有效钼在不同利用方式中的含量无显著差异外,不同利用方式对土壤有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰和有效硼具有显著影响.水田和菜地的pH和CEC高于旱田.     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理混合制药废水

介绍了水解酸化-SBR工艺在新北江制药厂的应用情况。经过一段时间的调试及运行表明,该工艺对处理有机物浓度高、成分复杂、水质水量变化大的高浓度混合制药废水是切实可行的,出水水质达到广东省地方污水排放二级标准。该工艺操作简便、运行效果稳定,具有推广应用价值。     

Future solutions for the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China

The current status of the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China is summarized on the basis of the results of the Declaring and Registration Project initiated nationally in 1995. A principle framework for the sound management of hazardous wastes is proposed, which includes three levels of technical solutions. Large-scale enterprises are encouraged to recycle, to treat, and to dispose of wastes by means of constructing facilities, and to have their extra capacities available to the public for a reasonable fee. Municipal governments, provincial governments, and the Central Government are to plan and construct centralized facilities to recycle, treat, and dispose of wastes. For a solution at the manufacturing level, recycling is identified as the main approach. Centralized facilities at the municipal level will mainly focus on special wastes that are unsuitable to transport and store, such as hospital waste, and for the technical solution at this level, incineration and recycling are identified as the main approaches. For the technical solution at the provincial and national levels, landfill and incineration are identified as the main approaches. Based on this principle and the current available data on hazardous wastes, a preliminary plan for the spatial distribution of cross-provincial centralized treatment and disposal facilities of hazardous wastes is presented. The construction of approximately nine cross-provincial comprehensive facilities is proposed. A priority list for the construction of these planned facilities is also presented.     

Phosalone applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): its deposition and persistence on foliages, soils and final residues in seeds

Phosalone, O,O-diethyl-S-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-onyl)methyl phosphorodithioate, was field-applied by ground equipment to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the rates of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha, respectively, to determine its dissipation on leaves and soils and the residues in seeds at harvest. The insecticide concentrations on cotton leaves and soils were measured periodically for 14 days following its application. It was found that the half lives of the insecticide on cotton leaves at the dosages of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha were 6.8 and 6.3 days, respectively. And the half lives on soils for the 2 dosages were 7 and 5.8 days, respectively. The residues remaining in soils at harvest time were 0.072 and 0.121 mg/kg 14 days post-application and the residues in cotton seeds were relatively low (less than 0.02-0.12 mg/kg).     

A land use regression for predicting NO2 and PM10 concentrations in different seasons in Tianjin region,China

Land use regression (LUR) model was employed to predict the spatial concentration distribution of NO2 and PM10 in the Tianjin region based on the environmental air quality monitoring data. Four multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were established based on the most significant variables for NO2 in heating season (R2 = 0.74), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.61) in the whole study area; and PM10 in heating season (R2 = 0.72), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.49). Maps of spatial concentration distribution for NO2 and PM10 were obtained based on the MLR equations (resolution is 10 km). Intercepts of MLR equations were 0.050 (NO2, heating season), 0.035 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.068 (PM10, heating season), and 0.092 (PM10, non-heating season) in the whole study area. In the central area of Tianjin region, the intercepts were 0.042 (NO2, heating season), 0.043 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.087 (PM10, heating season), and 0.096 (PM10, non-heating season). These intercept values might imply an area’s background concentrations. Predicted result derived from LUR model in the central area was better than that in the whole study area. R2 values increased 0.09 (heating season) and 0.18 (non-heating season) for NO2, and 0.08 (heating season) and 0.04 (non-heating season) for PM10. In terms of R2, LUR model performed more effectively in heating season than non-heating season in the study area and gave a better result for NO2 compared with PM10.     

清洁生产审核在酿造企业的应用

清洁生产审核是实施清洁生产的重要前提,也是企业实现清洁生产最成熟最有效的手段。在对桌酿造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,提出并实施无／低费方案17项,中／高费方案3项。可节电1058kwh／a,节水2．26万t／a,减少废水排放2．26万t／a,减少固废（损失原料）排放45t／a,制曲室空气质量明显改善,产生效益39．4652万元／a。该企业在实现了降低单住产品（食醋）水耗和酱油原料损失率的同时,也实现了经济、环境和社会效益的统一,为酿造企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。