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741.
Relative and interactive effects of plant and grazer richness in a benthic marine community 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The interactive effects of changing biodiversity of consumers and their prey are poorly understood but are likely to be important under realistic scenarios of biodiversity loss and gain. We performed two factorial manipulations of macroalgal group (greens, reds, and browns) and herbivore species (amphipods, sea urchin, and fish) composition and richness in outdoor mesocosms simulating a subtidal, hard-substratum estuarine community in North Carolina, U.S.A. In the experiment where grazer richness treatments were substitutive, there were no significant effects of algal or herbivore richness on final algal biomass. However, in the experiment in which grazer treatments were additive (i.e., species-specific densities were held constant across richness treatments), we found strong independent and interactive effects of algal and herbivore richness. Herbivore polycultures reduced algal biomass to a greater degree than the sum of the three herbivore monocultures, indicating that the measured grazer richness effects were not due solely to increased herbivore density in the polycultures. Taking grazer density into account also revealed that increasing algal richness dampened grazer richness effects. Additionally, the effect of algal richness on algal biomass accumulation was far stronger when herbivores were absent, suggesting that grazers can utilize the increased productivity and mask the positive effects of plant biodiversity on primary production. Our results highlight the complex independent and interactive effects of biodiversity between adjacent trophic levels and emphasize the importance of performing biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments in a realistic multi-trophic context. 相似文献
742.
Shumei Jiang Xiang Li Long Zhang Wei Sun Shikun Dai Lianwu Xie Yonghong Liu Kyung Jin Lee 《Marine Biology》2008,153(5):945-952
The study describes the diversity of actinobacteria isolated from the marine sponge Iotrochota sp. collected in the South China Sea. Species and natural product diversity of isolates were analyzed, including screening
for genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and 16S rRNA gene restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP). PKS and NRPS sequences were detected in more than half of the isolates and the different “PKS-I–PKS-II–NRPS”
combinations in different isolates belonging to the same species indicated a potential natural product diversity and divergent
genetic evolution. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the isolates belonged to genera
Streptomyces, Cellulosimicrobium, and Nocardiopsis. The majority of the strains tested belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one of them may be a new species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterium classified as Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from a marine sponge.
Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-recourses Sustainable Utilization (LMB-CAS), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
(LMMM-GD), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Republic of China. 相似文献
743.
Bhattarai HD Paudel B Park NS Lee KS Shin HW 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2007,28(4):857-863
Environmental impacts caused by tin and copper based commercial antifouling (AF) paints were proved to be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, a search of environmental friendly AF compounds to be used in marine paint to protect the surface of maritime developmental structures from the unwanted biofouling is a burning issue of the present time. Commercially available eight organic chemicals--allyl isothiocyanate, beta-myrecene, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, citral, ethyl heptanoate, eugenol, methyl caproate, and octyl alcohol were evaluated forAF activities using both laboratory and field assays. The test chemicals were found to repel the target motile marine bacteria--Alteromonas marina, Bacillus atrophaeus, Roseobactergallaeciensis and Shewanella oneidensis and motile spores of the green alga, Ulva pertusa. The bacterial and Ulva spore repulsion activities of the test chemicals were measured by chemotaxis and agar diffusion methods respectively interestingly these test chemicals were less toxic to the test fouling species. The toxicity of the test chemicals was measured by using antibiotic assay disks against the bacteria and motility test against Ulva spores. Moreover, in field assay, all test chemicals showed a perfect performance ofAF activity showing no fouling during the experimental period of one year Such results and commercial as well as technical feasibility of the test chemicals firmly showed the possibility of using as alternatives of the existing toxic AF agents. 相似文献
744.
Batch scale reactions were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of modified low-grade kaolin for the treatment of petroleum
contaminants. Low-grade kaolin, which has been unvalued as material in the mining process because of its low quality for commercial
products, was modified with HDTMA (hexadecyl-trimethylammonium), and its efficiency was compared with that of HDTMA-modified
bentonite, which is used as a secondary containment barrier for underground storage tanks. The sorption capacity and hydraulic
conductivity of both the HDTMA-modified bentonite and low-grade kaolin were investigated and showed distribution coefficients
in the sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene ranging between 45.7 and 583.7 and 57.0 and 525.1, respectively.
The hydraulic conductivities were 2.53 × 10−8 and 5.62 × 10−8 cm/s for the HDTMA-modified bentonite and low-grade kaolin, respectively. These results suggest that HDTMA-modified low-grade
kaolin could be used as a hydraulic barrier against advection migration of petroleum contaminants. Simulation of the one-dimensional
transport of benzene through a liner made of either one of the compounds was also performed. These results also showed that
HDTMA-modified kaolin more effectively retards the transport of benzene. 相似文献
745.
Bioleaching from soil artificially contaminated with analogues of radionuclides, Co and Sr, was carried out using a Fe-oxidizing
bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Due to bacterial metabolism, the pH and dissolved Fe3+ concentration in a biotic slurry decreased and increased respectively, over time, but the concentrations of Co and Sr extracted
from the soil showed no significant enhancement compared with those under abiotic control. In both cases, Co and Sr were leached
from the soil during the initial period of the experiment, due to the initially low solution pH of 2.0, and the dissolved
concentrations remained almost constant for the duration of the experiment (300 h). Since oxidation of Fe2+ by A. ferrooxidans led to the production of Fe precipitates and colloidal suspensions, the Co and Sr extracted into solution were most likely
re-adsorbed onto the Fe solids. Also, A. ferrooxidans, without an external supply of Fe2+, extracted almost equal or greater amounts of Co and Sr from the soil than when Fe2+ was supplied. Under the same leaching conditions, the extent of Sr removal was much lower than that of Co. On the contrary
to the high efficiency of microbial metal leaching in biohydrometallurgy for low-graded sulfide ores, which has been widely
documented, conventional bioleaching techniques with A. ferrooxidans supplied with enough Fe2+ showed low efficiency for the removal of radionuclides loosely bound onto soil particle surfaces. 相似文献
746.
747.
748.
Wonkyeong Kang Ik-hyeon Kim Tae-jin Lee Ki-yeon Kim Daekeun Kim 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(6):1006-1011
Swine manure was subjected to laboratory scale composting in order to quantify bioaerosols, i.e., airborne culturable bacteria and endotoxin, in the exhaust gas, which provided details on the effect of temperature on bacterial emissions. The concentration of airborne bacteria reached 31,250 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 during the thermophilic stage of composting, and positively correlated with the temperature profile of the compost pile. Initially, the endotoxin concentration was 1820 endotoxin units (EU)/m3, but it decreased exponentially as the composting process proceeded. The temperature can be an excellent indicator of bacterial emissions during the composting process, indicating that the composting process requires a consistently high temperature to ensure sanitization of both compost and bacterial emissions. The cumulative emission data showed that emission factors was 11.2?13.5 CFU/g dry swine manure and that of endotoxin was 0.5?0.9 EU/g dry swine manure. The bacterial diversity in the bioaerosol was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, revealing the presence of various gram-negative bacterial consortia. 相似文献
749.
Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group (〉 94% of the total methanogen population) in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems. 相似文献
750.
Periyayya Uthirakumar Madhu Devendiran Subramaniyam Kalaiarasan Son Hoki Lee In-Hwan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(6):6459-6469
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A simple oxidation method for preparing CuO nanodisks on a flexible Cu sheet is presented. The crystal structure of as-prepared CuO nanodisks was... 相似文献