基于油耗调查的2010年天津市农业机械排放研究

通过问卷调查,采用基于燃油消耗量的方法估算出天津市2010年农业机械氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)的总排放量.2010年天津市农业机械总保有量为57.5万台,其中种植业机械最大约占52.5%;总动力为588万kW,运输机械占比最大为47.3%.估算出2010年天津市农业机械总油耗(主要为柴油)为6.7万t,其中运输机械耗油量为4.5万t.再根据燃油消耗量估算了天津2010年农业机械污染物排放量,NOx和PM年排放量分别为3470t和303t.     

条码技术发展现状及其在环保领域的应用探索

条码技术凭借其便捷、成本低、信息可随载体移动、储存信息量大等优势,已在国内外物流、身份识别、文件表格传输等诸多领域中得到了不同程度的应用推广。本文以国内外条码技术的应用为例,介绍条码技术当下的发展状况,并对该技术在我国环境保护领域的应用进行了探索研究。     

附着硅藻指数在河流水质监测中的适用性技术研究

对广西龙江和柳江中段共18个样点进行了附着硅藻的采样调查,并采用相关分析法、主成分分析法、最优分割分类法、箱须图法、逐步判别分析法和双向指示种分类法等数学方法研究分析了16个硅藻指数在龙江与柳江中段水质监测中的适用性.结果表明,3次4组不同水质类别中,IPS(Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index)和TDI(Trophic Diatom Index)指数与样点的箱须图都表现出合理的趋势,而且IPS和TDI间、及与环境因子及其他硅藻指数间的相关性显著.表明IPS和TDI适合进行龙江与柳江中段的水质生物监测评价,而本文提出的硅藻指数适用性技术也具有一定的推广价值.     

北京市4种不同污水处理系统中病原菌变化研究

采用定量PCR技术,对北京市4种不同污水处理系统中大肠杆菌、军团菌和沙门氏菌随工艺及四季的数量变化进行了追踪研究,以评估病原菌的去除效果及污水回用的健康风险.结果发现,大肠杆菌在夏季进水和出水中的浓度分别在107~108copies·m L-1和105copies·m L-1左右;G-A/O系统对大肠杆菌的去除率最高,平均去除率达99.88%.军团菌在4个污水处理系统中进水浓度为104~105copies·m L-1,出水浓度约为104copies·m L-1,其在剩余污泥样品中浓度较高,达到105~106copies·m L-1.沙门氏菌进水浓度较低,为102~103copies·m L-1,且其在多个工艺段样品中未检出.季节变化对于病原菌的去除具有较大影响.研究表明,大肠杆菌在各污水处理系统中均可检出,且其分布具有一定的季节性,夏季的进出水中浓度相对较高;而军团菌和沙门氏菌浓度在各工艺中则并未呈现出明显的季节性变化.G-A/O系统对3种细菌的整体去除效果最为稳定,去除率较高.大肠杆菌在污水处理厂的出水及剩余污泥中浓度仍然较高,此外,冬季出水中也能检测到沙门氏菌的存在,因此,污水处理厂的出水和污泥排放仍存在一定的生态和健康风险.     

Prediction of effluent concentration in a wastewater treatment plant using machine learning models

Of growing amount of food waste, the integrated food waste and waste water treatment was regarded as one of the efficient modeling method. However, the load of food waste to the conventional waste treatment process might lead to the high concentration of total nitrogen(T-N) impact on the effluent water quality. The objective of this study is to establish two machine learning models—artificial neural networks(ANNs) and support vector machines(SVMs), in order to predict 1-day interval T-N concentration of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Ulsan, Korea. Daily water quality data and meteorological data were used and the performance of both models was evaluated in terms of the coefficient of determination(R~2), Nash–Sutcliff efficiency(NSE), relative efficiency criteria(d rel). Additionally, Latin-Hypercube one-factor-at-a-time(LH-OAT) and a pattern search algorithm were applied to sensitivity analysis and model parameter optimization, respectively. Results showed that both models could be effectively applied to the 1-day interval prediction of T-N concentration of effluent. SVM model showed a higher prediction accuracy in the training stage and similar result in the validation stage.However, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the ANN model was a superior model for 1-day interval T-N concentration prediction in terms of the cause-and-effect relationship between T-N concentration and modeling input values to integrated food waste and waste water treatment. This study suggested the efficient and robust nonlinear time-series modeling method for an early prediction of the water quality of integrated food waste and waste water treatment process.     

基于BN的模糊系统事故风险管理辅助分析

为提高模糊系统事故定量风险管理水平,将三角模糊数与贝叶斯网络相结合,提出基于BN的模糊系统事故风险管理辅助分析方法.首先通过致险机理分析确定风险事件各致险因子,在此基础上构建贝叶斯网络(BN),致险因子的先验概率用三角模糊数进行处理;然后利用BN的推理技术对风险事件进行概率预测、致因诊断和致险因子重要度分析;最后以某化工企业储油罐体火灾爆炸事故为例,应用该方法进行实证研究.结果表明:该方法能定量预测风险事件发生概率以界定风险等级,致因诊断能快速查明最可能的致因因素及其组合,重要度分析能找出系统薄弱环节以明确风险管理控制要点,从而为模糊系统事故风险管理提供辅助决策支持.     

一氧化氮合酶途径参与SO_2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动调节

以蚕豆为材料,研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)途径在SO2诱发气孔运动中的作用.研究发现:浓度7.5~200μmol·L-1的SO2衍生物处理后,蚕豆叶面气孔开度减小,气孔开度与SO2衍生物浓度呈负相关;SO2衍生物处理组叶组织中NOS活性增强;加入NO清除剂c-PTIO或NOS抑制剂L-NAME可抑制SO2衍生物诱发的气孔关闭;SO2衍生物处理组保卫细胞内NO和Ca2+水平升高,用c-PTIO降低胞内NO水平后Ca2+水平随之下降.结果表明,SO2衍生物胁迫可诱发保卫细胞内NO合成增加,NO通过调节胞内Ca2+水平升高,激活下游信号转导途径,调节气孔运动;NOS途径介导的NO合成参与了SO2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动的调节.     

龙江底栖硅藻群落特征及与环境因子的关系

2013年9月份龙江流域设20个采样点,共鉴定出硅藻30属163种。硅藻群落特征分析表明,上游河段的硅藻相对密度比下游河段的大,水质相对较好,硅藻种类数的变化与河流水质的变化没表现出明显的规律性。RDA分析表明8个环境因子共解释了硅藻群落变异的51.3%,并筛选出溶解氧、温度、电导率和海拔为影响硅藻群落变异和空间分布的显著因子,能解释硅藻群落结构变异的30.9%,占总环境因子解释量的60.23%。硅藻相对密度、硅藻种类数与环境因子的相关分析、聚类分析和回归分析表明,硅藻种类数与环境因子间不存在明显的相关关系,而硅藻相对密度则与海拔存在显著的相关关系。     

基于水域面积法的山区河流水电站下游生态流量定值研究

水电站的大量兴建导致下游河道萎缩退化甚至断流,如何改变水电站运行调度方式,维持下游河道一定的生态流量、保障河流健康成为国内外普遍关注的问题.本文在传统水文学方法的基础上融入生物栖息地法思想,以河流生态系统的生物多样性为功能目标,用河道流量反映河流的水文过程,河道水域面积反映河流生态系统的生物多样性,创新性地提出考虑河道水文生态特性的生态流量定值方法——水域面积法.以北江上游浈江二级支流罗坝水为例进行分析计算.计算结果表明:枯水年罗坝水生态流量为2.26 m3·s-1,占多年平均流量的25.97%;平水年生态流量分月控制,生态流量过程与建站前流量过程基本一致.根据枯水年的生态流量值和平水年各月份的生态流量值,结合水电站的运行调度规则,换算成一定时期内的径流量来确定该时期内水电站需释放的水量,进而对水电站下游河道的生态功能进行保护和修复.     

Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in soil by microwave treatment compared to UV and ozone treatment

This study reports on the effect of microwave radiation for inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in 25 g of soil compared to ultraviolet irradiation and ozone expose. Microwave radiation at 700 W with 14% water content (w/w) achieved approximately 2.5 log inactivation of eggs in soil within 60 s. On the other hand, UV irradiation at 3 mW cm⁻² with and without shaking soil for 3600 s achieved approximately 0.32 and 0.01 log inactivation of eggs, respectively. In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8 ± 0.7 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor. In addition, the inactivation of eggs by three disinfection techniques was conducted in water in order to compare the inactivation efficiency of eggs in soil. The inactivation efficiency of microwave radiation was found to be no significant difference between in soil and water. However, the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation was significantly increased in water while in ozone expose there was no significant difference between in soil and water. Microwave treatment thus proved to be the most efficient method in controlling A. lumbricoides eggs in soil.