Measurement of real time black carbon for investigating spot loading effects of Aethalometer data

Measurements of real-time continuous PM_2.5 black carbon (BC) concentrations were made using a single-wavelength Aethalometer (@880 nm) in three different environments, i.e., an indoor office, a residential indoor living room and an urban site, to evaluate the difference in temporal behaviors of BC particles and investigate the optical shadowing effect in the Aethalometer BC data. An empirical method was used for correcting the optical saturation effect on the original BC data obtained from the measurements at the three sites. Also, the elemental carbon (EC) concentrations from 24-h filter-based measurements of PM_2.5 particles were determined using a thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method at the same urban site for comparison with the Aethalometer BC results. Transient events of BC were often observed for period of a few hours at all sites, reaching a maximum level of 27.3 μg m^?3 at the urban site. The diurnal cycles of the BC concentrations observed at the two indoor environments were found to be considerably affected by the air exchange rate, occupants' behavior patterns and nearby traffic emissions. The time-series plots of the Aethalometer data showed obvious discontinuities at the filter spot change, and a rise in the apparent BC concentrations after filter tape advances. Also, the relationship between the attenuation and BC concentration was found to be non-linear at all sites. The empirical approach presented here demonstrated a definite improvement in the continuity of the BC data across the time gaps of each tape advance. The compensated BC concentration was 1.10–1.23 times greater than the raw BC data, depending on the observation sites, with the highest difference observed between the raw and compensated BC data at an indoor office near a small traffic road. The 24-h integrated EC concentration was approximately 12% higher than the original 24-h average BC concentration and 6% lower than the loading compensated BC concentration, showing that the loading compensation process accounted for the saturation effect of the filter tape.     

Biochemical and cellular effects of electrophiles present in ambient air samples

Ambient vapor-phase samples collected in Riverside, California had shown that both redox and electrophilic activity were present, with the vapor phase containing higher levels of electrophiles than the particle phase. In this study, the biochemical effects of the vapor-phase electrophiles were examined using the purified thiol proteins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and KELCH-1 like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The results demonstrated that the thiol proteins were inactivated by the vapor-phase samples through covalent modifications. Next, two cellular responses, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), to the ambient vapor-phase samples were assessed in A549 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, respectively. The vapor-phase samples, at non-oxidative concentrations, increased phosphorylation of EGFR, which is negatively regulated by PTP1B, and its downstream MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Activation of Nrf2, which requires Keap1 alkylation, and expression of its downstream proteins were also observed. The electrophilic compounds present in ambient vapor-phase were shown to modify cellular proteins through covalent modification and to activate diverse cellular responses that can lead to inflammatory and adaptive responses.     

基于线性回归的环境质量评价普适指数公式

阐述了利用遗传算法优化污染损害指数评价模型中参数时的优点和不足,提出采用普适质数公式对污染损害指数评价模型中参数进行线性优化时,可以大幅简化优化过程,便于实际应用.将适用于大气质量评价的普适指数公式与通过GA优化的评价结果进行比对,证实了该公式在线性优化中的可行性.     

亚热带丘陵区集约化养猪场氨气近源沉降的土壤和植物氮素响应

选取中国亚热带丘陵区一集约化育肥猪场为研究对象,采用环形扩散管大气采样系统(DELTA),开展为期1 a养殖场500 m近源区大气氨浓度监测,采用双向交换模型,估算氨沉降量。采集养猪场近源区土壤、植株样品,探究大型集约化养殖场近源区土壤、植物氮素对氨沉降梯度的响应特征。结果表明：养猪场近源区土壤无机氮含量为2.3—32.4 mg·kg^-1(以铵态氮为主),随氨沉降量增加而增加。草本(白茅)盖度随氨沉降量增加而增加,500 m范围内增幅平均可达45.7%;灌木(黄荆)盖度随氨沉降量增加而减小,降幅平均为27.5%。植株叶片氮含量与氨沉降间关系不明显,灌木、苔藓叶片δ¹⁵N值为-13‰—-2‰,且随氨沉降增加而减小。δ¹⁵N可用于识别植物叶片氮素来源,与植株叶片总氮含量相比,植株叶片δ¹⁵N对氨沉降具有更好的生物指示作用。     

陕西省PM2.5时空分布及影响因素区域差异研究

为了解陕西省PM_2.5分布特征及影响因素区域差异,基于陕西省2019年PM_2.5浓度数据,采用空间数据统计方法、空间自相关分析法和地理探测器法对PM_2.5时空分异特征及驱动因素进行探究,以期为陕西省PM_2.5研究与治理提供可靠的科学依据。结果表明：陕西省PM_2.5污染呈“冬高夏低”、“中部高、南北低”的特点。陕西省PM_2.5浓度空间分布表现为极显著的空间正相关性,陕南部分县域为低低聚集区,关中地区渭南、西安、咸阳部分县域为高高聚集区。对陕西省PM_2.5浓度影响最大的是社会经济因子(0.328—0.548),陕北地区为GDP(0.932),关中地区为人口密度(0.936),陕南地区为相对湿度(0.710)。交互探测结果表明：陕西省主导交互因子为人口密度∩GDP,各种复杂的自然因素和人为活动因素耦合会大大加强对PM_2.5浓度的解释力。     

制氨厂尾气中CO的变压吸附提纯

制氨厂尾气含有大量CO,若采用有效的分离、纯化工艺,可获得碳一化工(C1)所需的高纯度CO.本文研究了用PU1型吸附剂变压吸附提纯制氨厂尾气,同时比较了PU1型吸附剂和ZMS-5A型沸石的性能.试验采用一段法变压吸附工艺研究了不同操作条件下CO的纯化和回收,气体流速为0.2～0.8 m³/h,并对工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明PU1吸附性能较好,在吸附压力0.3 MPa、原料气CO浓度30%时,CO回收率为75%,CO产品气的纯度可大于98%.     

水溶态Cd、Zn及其复合污染对3种豆类胚根生长的影响

采用水培实验,研究了Cd、Zn单一及其Cd（20 mg·kg-1）、Zn（5、10、15、20 mg·kg-1）复合污染对3种豆类胚根生长的影响.结果表明,Cd溶液处理,Cd2＋浓度为2 mg·kg-1时,3种豆类发芽数（粒）高于对照组,黄豆的发芽数随处理浓度增加而减少,呈负相关,对绿豆和豌豆的发芽没有明显影响,对3种...     

沸石对含铬废水的处理

研究了天然沸石对含Cr3 的重金属废水的吸附与交换.考查了沸石用量,振荡时间,沉降时间,初始浓度,pH值几个条件对铬的去除的影响,并对沸石的饱和吸附量和再生进行了探讨.结果表明,天然沸石对Cr3 有很强的去除效果,并且容易再生.     

扩缩通道强化蜂窝型SCR反应器脱硝性能的数值研究

为了进一步提高表面涂覆钒基催化剂的蜂窝型SCR反应器的脱硝性能,将蜂窝直通道结构改为扩缩形式.借助Fluent软件容积反应和多孔介质模块描述涂覆层的催化反应,建立了烟气流过蜂窝反应器脱硝过程的数值模型.为验证模型预测精度,模拟了一组直通道蜂窝反应器的烟气对流脱硝实验.借助本文模型,研究了结构和工作参数对新型蜂窝反应器脱...