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201.
202.
Comparison of fine-scale acoustic monitoring systems using home range size of a demersal fish 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kelly S. Andrews Nick Tolimieri Greg D. Williams Jameal F. Samhouri Chris J. Harvey Phillip S. Levin 《Marine Biology》2011,158(10):2377-2387
We compared the results from fixed acoustic transmitters and transmitters implanted in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus provided by two fine-scale passive acoustic monitoring systems: the older Vemco? Radio Acoustic Positioning (VRAP) system and the newer VR2W Positioning System (VPS) with either three or four receivers.
The four-receiver VPS method calculated five times more positions of lingcod than VRAP and more than twice as many as the
three-receiver VPS. Calculated positions of fixed transmitters were less precise with VRAP than either VPS approach. Measurements
of home range for lingcod were similar between the four-receiver VPS and VRAP, which were both greater than the three-receiver
VPS. Comparisons varied when lingcod were in/near complex habitats. As new technology develops, it is important to understand
how new methods compare to previous methods. This may be important when describing patterns of movement or habitat use in
the context of changes in habitat or management efforts. 相似文献
203.
Brian M. Shamblin Mark G. Dodd Dean A. Bagley Llewellyn M. Ehrhart Anton D. Tucker Chris Johnson Raymond R. Carthy Russell A. Scarpino Erin McMichael David S. Addison Kristina L. Williams Michael G. Frick Stefanie Ouellette Anne B. Meylan Matthew H. Godfrey Sally R. Murphy Campbell J. Nairn 《Marine Biology》2011,158(3):571-587
The southeastern United States supports one of two large loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting aggregations worldwide and is therefore critical to global conservation and recovery efforts for the species. Previous studies have established the presence of four demographically distinct nesting populations (management units) corresponding to beaches from (1) North Carolina through northeastern Florida, (2) peninsular Florida, (3) the Dry Tortugas, and (4) northwest Florida. Temporal and geographic genetic structure of the nesting aggregation was examined utilizing partial mitochondrial control region haplotype frequencies from 834 samples collected over the 2002 through 2008 nesting seasons from 19 beaches as well as previously published haplotype data. Most rookeries did not exhibit interannual genetic variation. However, the interannual variation detected did significantly impact the interpretation of spatial genetic structure in northeastern Florida. Based on pairwise F ST comparisons, exact tests of population differentiation, and analysis of molecular variance, the present study upholds the distinctiveness of the four currently recognized management units and further supports recognition of discrete central eastern, southern (southeastern and southwestern), and central western Florida management units. Further subdivision may be warranted, but more intensive genetic sampling is required. In addition, tools such as telemetry and mark-recapture are needed to complement genetic data and overcome limitations of genetic markers in resolving loggerhead turtle rookery connectivity in the southeastern USA. 相似文献
204.
Nicholas E. C. Fleming Jonathan D. R. Houghton Caroline L. Magill Chris Harrod 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):2141-2146
Jellyfish are increasingly topical within studies of marine food webs. Stable isotope analysis represents a valuable technique
to unravel the complex trophic role of these long-overlooked species. In other taxa, sample preservation has been shown to
alter the isotopic values of species under consideration, potentially leading to misinterpretation of trophic ecology. To
identify potential preservation effects in jellyfish, we collected Aurelia aurita from Strangford Lough (54o22′44.73″N, 5o32′53.44″W) during May 2009 and processed them using three different methods prior to isotopic analysis (unpreserved, frozen
and preserved in ethanol). A distinct preservation effect was found on δ15N values: furthermore, preservation also influenced the positive allometric relationship between individual size and δ15N values. Conversely, δ13C values remained consistent between the three preservation methods, conflicting with previous findings for other invertebrate,
fish and mammalian species. These findings have implications for incorporation of jellyfish into marine food webs and remote
sampling regimes where preservation of samples is unavoidable. 相似文献
205.
Chris T. Cloney Robert C. Ripley Paul R. Amyotte Faisal I. Khan 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1574-1582
Computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate the preconditioning aspect of overdriving in dust explosion testing. The results show that preconditioning alters both the particle temperature and distribution prior to flame propagation in the 20-L chamber. A parametric study gives the fluid pressure and temperature, and particle temperature and concentration at an assumed flame kernel development time (10 ms) for varying ignitor size and particle diameter. For the 10 kJ ignitor with 50% efficiency, polyethylene particles under 50 μm reach 400 K and may melt prior to flame propagation. Gases from the ignitor detonation displace the dust from the center of the chamber and may increase local particle concentration up to two times the nominal value being tested. These effects have important implications for explosive testing of dusts in the 20-L chamber and comparing to larger 1-m3 testing, where these effects may be negligible. 相似文献
206.
Daniel Dvorett Joseph Bidwell Craig Davis Chris DuBois 《Environmental management》2013,52(4):1009-1022
The hydrogeomorphic approach (HGM) to wetland classification and functional assessment has been applied regionally throughout the United States, but the ability of HGM functional assessment models to reflect wetland condition has limited verification. Our objective was to determine how variability derived from anthropogenic effects and natural variability impacted site assessment variables within regional wetland subclasses in central Oklahoma. We collected data for nine potential assessment variables including vegetation physiognomy (e.g., tree basal area, herbaceous cover, canopy cover, etc.) and soil organic matter at wetlands of two HGM riverine subclasses (oxbow and riparian) in May and June, 2010. Using Akaike Information Criteria, we identified limited relationships between landscape disturbance metrics and assessment variables within subclasses. The high degree of natural variability from climatic and hydrologic factors within both subclasses may be masking the impact of landscape disturbance on the other measured assessment variables. Precipitation had significant effects on assessment variables within each of the subclasses. To reduce natural climatic variability, the reference domain may need to be further subdivided. The approach used in this study provides fairly rapid and quantitative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of using HGM assessment variables in assessing wetland condition regionally. 相似文献
207.
Blake Poland Chris Buse Paul Antze Randolph Haluza-DeLay Chris Ling Lenore Newman 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):180-200
ABSTRACTOriginating in the UK in 2006, the Transition movement is oriented to local grassroots citizen-led efforts that prepare for and support a societal energy transition to a low-carbon future in response to climate change, peak oil, ecological degradation, and economic instability. Overlapping significantly with relocalization, degrowth/slow growth, local food, and related movements, and based on permaculture principles and a distributed network model, it embraces the opportunity to turn crisis into an opportunity to build more resilient, convivial, and vibrant local communities, declaring that “if it’s not fun, it’s not sustainable”. The Transition approach has spread rapidly around the world, including initiatives in over 100 communities and cities in Canada. This paper reports on the methods and results of a Canadian community-based research study aimed at understanding how and where the movement has taken root across the country, what Transition practice looks like, challenges and opportunities encountered, and lessons learned that could be applied within the movement and by others interested in the role of citizen-led initiatives for sustainability transition. Utilising a practice theory lens, drawing on an extensive web-scan of the movement’s online presence, a survey and interviews with initiative (co)founders, an e-survey of Transition members/participants, regional “structured story-dialogue” workshops, and key informant interviews, and informed by input from a Movement Advisory Group, we describe the research process and explore what success and impact mean to those most active in the movement. 相似文献
208.
ZHAO Hongtao YIN Chengqing CHEN Meixue WANG Weidong Je eries Chris SHAN Baoqing 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(2):162-167
Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams.
This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the
particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of
16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged
from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total
PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities
increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and
industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings
suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the
total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies. 相似文献
209.
PROBLEM: There is a growing concern with the safety of school-aged children. This study identifies the locations of pedestrian/bicyclist crashes involving school-aged children and examines the conditions when these crashes are more likely to occur. METHOD: The 5-year records of crashes in Orange County, Florida where school-aged children were involved were used. The spatial distribution of these crashes was investigated using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the likelihoods of crash occurrence under different conditions were estimated using log-linear models. RESULTS: A majority of school-aged children crashes occurred in the areas near schools. Although elementary school children were generally very involved, middle and high school children were more involved in crashes, particularly on high-speed multi-lane roadways. Driver's age, gender, and alcohol use, pedestrian's/bicyclist's age, number of lanes, median type, speed limits, and speed ratio were also found to be correlated with the frequency of crashes. DISCUSSION: The result confirms that school-aged children are exposed to high crash risk near schools. High crash involvement of middle and high school children reflects that middle and high schools tend to be located near multi-lane high-speed roads. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The pedestrian's/bicyclist's demographic factors and geometric characteristics of the roads adjacent to schools associated with school children's crash involvement are of interest to school districts. 相似文献
210.
Australian owlet-nightjars (Aegotheles cristatus; ~50?g) are one of only a few avian species that roost in cavities year-round and regularly enter torpor. Cavity roosts act as thermal buffers, and roost type likely affects energy expenditure of small birds. We used radiotelemetry to locate diurnal winter roost sites of owlet-nightjars in central Australia and to measure body (T (b)) and skin (T (skin)) temperature. We also recorded ambient temperature inside (T (IN)) and outside roosts. Individual owlet-nightjars used one to seven different roosts (tracking time 3-10?weeks), selecting either rock crevices (four birds) or tree hollows (four birds), or switching between the two roost types (seven birds). Rock crevices (T (IN) +9°C to +33°C) were warmer and thermally more stable than tree hollows (T (IN) -4.0°C to +37°C). Torpor, often expressed by a reduction of T (skin)/T (b) by >10°C for 3-4?h at dawn, was influenced by roost selection; torpor use in tree hollows was almost twice that in rock crevices. Despite the potential energy savings accrued from roosting in well-insulated cavities, owlet-nightjars roosted in tree hollows more often (65% bird days, n?=?398) than in rock crevices (35% bird days, n?=?211). Lower costs of arousal from torpor via passive rewarming and basking and decreased risk of predation are two possible explanations for the preference to roost in tree hollows. We provide the first evidence for the influence of cavity roost selection on torpor use in a free-ranging bird and show that roost selection and thermal biology are strongly interrelated in determining energy expenditure. 相似文献