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361.
Susan E. Ford V. Monica Bricelj Christophe Lambert Christine Paillard 《Marine Biology》2008,154(2):241-253
The known negative effects of shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates on feeding, burrowing and survival of some bivalve
mollusks has prompted questions concerning whether they might also impair the internal defense system of affected bivalves
and make them more susceptible to disease agents. The primary components of the cellular defense system are hemocytes. Many
toxic dinoflagellates are too large to be ingested whole by hemocytes and would most likely be exposed to intracellular toxins
only after the algae are consumed, broken down, and the water-soluble toxins, released. Therefore, we conducted a series of
experiments in which hemocytes from two suspension-feeding bivalves—the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, and the softshell clam, Mya arenaria—were exposed in vitro to filtered extracts of one highly toxic paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing and one nonPST-producing
strain of Alexandrium tamarense (isolates PR18b, 76 ± 6 STXeq cell−1 and CCMP115, with undetectable PST, respectively). We measured adherence and phagocytosis, two hemocyte attributes known
to be inhibited by bacterial pathogens and other stressors. We found no measurable effect of a cell-free extract from a highly
concentrated suspension of the PST-producing strain on hemocytes of either bivalve species. Instead, extract from the nonPST-producing
strain had a consistent negative effect on both clams, resulting in significantly lower adherence and phagocytosis compared
to strain PR18b and filtered seawater controls. The bioactive compound produced by strain CCMP115, which has yet to be characterized,
may be similar to the PST-independent allelopathic compounds described for Alexandrium spp., which act on other plankters. These compounds and those produced by other harmful algae are known to cause immobilization,
cellular deformation and lysis of co-occurring target organisms. Thus, nonPST producing Alexandrium spp., which do not cause paralysis and burrowing incapacitation of clams, may still produce a compound(s) that has negative
effects not only on hemocytes, but on other molluscan cell types and their functions, as well. 相似文献
362.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained substantial interest as a material for biomedical devices with reliable properties suitable for electrically conducting biomedical devices. While CNTs combine ideal properties for a number of tissue-interfacing applications, their biocompatibility and safety have been the source of considerable conjecture. This study outlines a method for evaluating biocompatibility, using a low-cost, short-term assessment model of CNT with primary cells, which are more representative of an in vivo situation than cell lines. It was demonstrated that carboxylate-modified, multi-walled CNTs exhibit cytotoxic behavior in as little as 6 hr of exposure to primary fibroblasts. The resultant cell death was concentration dependent, demonstrating the efficacy of acute assessment of cytocompatibility. Although cell viability remained relatively high (being above 85% for all CNT concentrations up to 500 μg/ml), these results reflect similar relationships found for longer term exposures. This method has reliable potential for high-throughput assessment and quality control of CNTs in biomedical applications using a primary cell model. 相似文献
363.
Renshaw CE Bostick BC Feng X Wong CK Winston ES Karimi R Folt CL Chen CY 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(1):61-67
Increasing development of historic farmlands raises questions regarding the fate of pesticides applied when these land were in cultivation. We quantified As and Pb budgets in field soils in two orchards where arsenical pesticides were applied in the early 20th century and a third uncontaminated control field. Sequential extractions and X-ray analyses also were used to determine mineral phases. In addition, we measured metal loads in drainages adjacent to the fields and in two common macroinvertebrate taxa within the wetland at the outlet of the drainages. We find that the applied As and Pb have undergone little vertical redistribution; concentrations of As and Pb in the top 25 cm of contaminated orchard soils are higher than in the uncontaminated control field. However, none of the applied lead arsenate (PbHAsO4) remains in its original mineral phase. Instead, the metals are now primarily adsorbed onto fine silt and clay-sized amorphous oxides and organic matter. Further, physical erosion associated with tilling and replanting appears to have mobilized the fine-particulate-bound As and Pb in one orchard. The remobilized metals are found in sediments in the stream channel draining the tilled orchard. It is unclear if the As and Pb transported sediments are biologically active; average macroinvertebrate metal burdens in the wetland are not elevated above those observed elsewhere in the region. However, little of the mobilized metals may have reached the wetland. These results demonstrate that land use change can significantly impact the retention of arsenical pesticides. 相似文献
364.
Ernstson H van der Leeuw SE Redman CL Meffert DJ Davis G Alfsen C Elmqvist T 《Ambio》2010,39(8):531-545
Urbanization is a global multidimensional process paired with increasing uncertainty due to climate change, migration of people,
and changes in the capacity to sustain ecosystem services. This article lays a foundation for discussing transitions in urban
governance, which enable cities to navigate change, build capacity to withstand shocks, and use experimentation and innovation
in face of uncertainty. Using the three concrete case cities—New Orleans, Cape Town, and Phoenix—the article analyzes thresholds
and cross-scale interactions, and expands the scale at which urban resilience has been discussed by integrating the idea from
geography that cities form part of “system of cities” (i.e., they cannot be seen as single entities). Based on this, the article
argues that urban governance need to harness social networks of urban innovation to sustain ecosystem services, while nurturing
discourses that situate the city as part of regional ecosystems. The article broadens the discussion on urban resilience while
challenging resilience theory when addressing human-dominated ecosystems. Practical examples of harnessing urban innovation
are presented, paired with an agenda for research and policy. 相似文献
365.
Extractability and mobility of mercury from agricultural soils surrounding industrial and mining contaminated areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study focussed on a comparison of the extractability of mercury in soils with two different contamination sources (a chlor-alkali plant and mining activities) and on the evaluation of the influence of specific soil properties on the behaviour of the contaminant. The method applied here did not target the identification of individual species, but instead provided information concerning the mobility of mercury species in soil. Mercury fractions were classified as mobile, semi-mobile and non-mobile. The fractionation study revealed that in all samples mercury was mainly present in the semi-mobile phase (between 63% and 97%). The highest mercury mobility (2.7 mg kg(-1)) was found in soils from the industrial area. Mining soils exhibited higher percentage of non-mobile mercury, up to 35%, due to their elevated sulfur content. Results of factor analysis indicate that the presence of mercury in the mobile phase could be related to manganese and aluminium soil contents. A positive relation between mercury in the semi-mobile fraction and the aluminium content was also observed. By contrary, organic matter and sulfur contents contributed to mercury retention in the soil matrix reducing the mobility of the metal. Despite known limitations of sequential extraction procedures, the methodology applied in this study for the fractionation of mercury in contaminated soil samples provided relevant information on mercury's relative mobility. 相似文献
366.
Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van Franeker JA Blaize C Danielsen J Fairclough K Gollan J Guse N Hansen PL Heubeck M Jensen JK Le Guillou G Olsen B Olsen KO Pedersen J Stienen EW Turner DM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2609-2615
The abundance of plastics in stomachs of northern fulmars from the North Sea is used in the OSPAR Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) for marine litter. The preliminary EcoQO defines acceptable ecological quality as the situation where no more than 10% of fulmars exceed a critical level of 0.1 g of plastic in the stomach. During 2003-2007, 95% of 1295 fulmars sampled in the North Sea had plastic in the stomach (on average 35 pieces weighing 0.31 g) and the critical level of 0.1 g of plastic was exceeded by 58% of birds, with regional variations ranging from 48 to 78%. Long term data for the Netherlands since the 1980s show a decrease of industrial, but an increase of user plastics, with shipping and fisheries as the main sources. The EcoQO is now also used as an indicator for Good Environmental Status in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. 相似文献
367.
Behavioural and biochemical responses of two marine invertebrates Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor to copper oxide nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Buffet PE Tankoua OF Pan JF Berhanu D Herrenknecht C Poirier L Amiard-Triquet C Amiard JC Bérard JB Risso C Guibbolini M Roméo M Reip P Valsami-Jones E Mouneyrac C 《Chemosphere》2011,84(1):166-174
Engineered nano-sized Cu oxide particles are extensively used in diverse applications. Because aquatic environments are the ultimate “sink” for all contaminants, it is expected that nanoparticles (NP) will follow the same fate. In this study, two marine invertebrates Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor were chosen as ecotoxicological models. The aim was to evaluate behavioural (burrowing kinetics, feeding rate) and biochemical (biomarkers) responses of S. plana and H. diversicolor exposed in the laboratory to Cu (10 μg L−1) added in natural seawater either in the form of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) of CuO or as dissolved Cu in 2% HNO3. Exposure was characterized by considering (i) the physico-chemical fate of NP (ii) the fraction of labile Cu in experimental media and (iii) Cu bioaccumulation. Results showed high aggregation of CuO NPs in seawater and no additional bioavailable Cu concentrations. Behavioural impairments were observed in S. plana exposed to CuO NPs or soluble Cu whereas in H. diversicolor, only the exposure to soluble Cu led to a burrowing decrease. No obvious neurotoxicity effects were revealed since in both species, no changes in cholinesterasic activity occurred in response to both forms of Cu exposure. Biomarkers of oxidative-stress catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were enhanced in both species whereas superoxide dismutase was increased only in S. plana exposed to CuO NPs. Metallothionein-like protein was increased in bivalves exposed to both forms of Cu. Since, no detectable release of soluble Cu from CuO NPs occurred during the time of experiment, ecotoxicity effects seem to be related to CuO NPs themselves. 相似文献
368.
Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) was exposed trophically to phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Accumulation kinetics in the muscle tissue of parent PAHs and hydroxylated metabolites were established for 56 days at 3 levels of exposure (0, 100 and 500 μg/kg BW). Benzo[a]pyrene and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene were not detected in the muscles. During exposure, there was an increase in phenanthrene, pyrene and their hydroxylated metabolites in the muscle tissue. Low transfer to muscle tissue was observed at equilibrium for phenanthrene (4.4 ± 0.6% and 2.7 ± 0.8%) and pyrene (1.0 ± 0.2% and 0.33 ± 0.09%), depending on the concentrations in the spiked feed. 相似文献
369.
Macroalgal invasions in coastal areas have been a growing concern during the past decade. The present study aimed to assess the role of hull fouling on recreational yachts as a vector for macroalgal introductions. Questionnaire and hull surveys were carried out in marinas in France and Spain. The questionnaires revealed that the majority of yacht owners are aware of seaweed introductions, usually undertake short range journeys, dry dock their boat at least once a year, and use antifouling paints. The hull survey showed that many in-service yachts were completely free of macroalgae. When present, fouling assemblages consisted mainly of one to two macroalgal species. The most commonly found species was the tolerant green seaweed Ulva flexuosa. Most of the other species found are also cosmopolitan and opportunistic. A few nonnative and potentially invasive Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) were found occasionally on in-service yachts. On the basis of the information gathered during interviews of yacht owners in the surveyed area, these occurrences are likely to be uncommon. However they can pose a significant risk of primary or secondary introductions of alien macroalgal species, especially in the light of the increase in yachting activities. With large numbers of recreational yachts and relatively rare occurrences of nonnative species on hulls, comprehensive screening programs do not seem justified or practical. The risks of transferring nonnative species may, however, be minimized by encouraging the behaviors that prevent fouling on hulls and by taking action against neglected boats before they can act as vectors. 相似文献
370.
Gyorgy Scrinis Christine Parker Rachel Carey 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2017,30(6):783-808
Since the 1990s there have been a number of government and market led initiatives to improve the welfare of layer hens in the United Kingdom, Australia and the USA. The focus of these regulatory and market initiatives has been a shift away from the dominant battery-cage system to enriched cages, barn/aviary and free-range production systems. Government regulations have played an important role in setting some minimum welfare standards and the banning of battery cages in the UK and in some US states. However the commodification and market segmentation of higher welfare standards has also seen the growth in production and demand of cage-free and free-range eggs in all three countries. This paper maps and compares the developments in government regulation and market segmentation of layer-hen welfare in the UK, Australia and the USA. The role of labelling and certification in facilitating commodification and market segmentation will be examined, including the public controversies and legal conflicts over egg labelling. The key state, market and civil society actors in each country will also be identified, and their role in driving or resisting higher standards examined, including the increasingly influential role of animal welfare organizations and food corporations. 相似文献