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121.
Udo Muster Tom Schilling Harald Schobesberger Hertha Luttenberger Rolf Marr und Josef Draxler 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1997,9(1):25-32
Zusammenfassung Bei einer genauen Kenntnis der vorliegenden Quecksilberverbindungen und ihrem Verhalten im Rauchgaspfad thermischer Anlagen
k?nnen durch entsprechende technische Ma?nahmen die Abscheideeffizienzen in trockenen, quasitrockenen und nassen Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen
erheblich gesteigert werden, so da? der derzeit gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Emissionsgrenzwert von 50 μg/m3 [i.N.tr.] eingehalten und unterschritten wird. Die in den letzten Jahren unternommenen Aktivit?ten und Fortschritte bei der
Reduzierung des Quecksilberaussto?es von thermischen Anlagen werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. Am Beispiel von tr?gerimmobilisierten
metall- und/oder metallsalzpartikelbelegten Tr?germaterialien (G/S-Reaktoren) wird die selektive Entfernung des Quecksilbers
bzw. dessen Verbindungen experimentell und theoretisch im Rauchgaspfad verdeutlicht. Aus der selektiven Abtrennung von Quecksilber
und seinen Verbindungen in der Gasphase resultieren auch entsprechende ?kologische und ?konomische Vorteile, die den allgemein
erkennbaren Trend der artspezifischen Abtrennung von Schadstoffen mit einer m?glichen Rückführung des Wertstoffes Quecksilber
in den Wirtschaftskreislauf unterstützen.
相似文献
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124.
This paper builds upon the results of previously developed crash prediction models for roundabouts. The originally investigated sample was extended from 90 to 148 roundabouts. Poisson and gamma modelling techniques were used, the latter ones since underdispersion in the crash data was observed. Separate models were fit for crashes with six different types of road users: bicyclists, motorcyclists, passenger and heavy four-wheel vehicles, moped riders and pedestrians. A further distinction was made between single-vehicle and multiple-vehicle crashes.The results show that the overall number of crashes is more or less proportional to the number of motorized vehicles. The mean number of single-vehicle crashes per passing vehicle is lower on busier roundabouts. Confirmation is found for the existence of a ‘safety-in-numbers’ effect for different types of road users. Three-leg roundabouts tend to perform worse than roundabouts with four or more legs. More crashes seem to occur at roundabouts with bypasses for traffic in some direction. Larger central islands correlate with more single-vehicle crashes. Moped riders and motorcyclists are strongly overrepresented in both single-vehicle and multiple-vehicle crashes whereas bicyclists are clearly overrepresented in multiple-vehicle crashes. Roundabouts with cycle paths perform better than roundabouts with other types of cycle facilities, particularly in comparison with roundabouts with cycle lanes close to the roadway. 相似文献
125.
Verdonck FA Boeije G Vandenberghe V Comber M de Wolf W Feijtel T Holt M Koch V Lecloux A Siebel-Sauer A Vanrolleghem PA 《Chemosphere》2005,58(9):1169-1176
Within the context and scope of the forthcoming European Union chemical regulations (REACH), there is a need to be able to prioritise the chemicals for evaluation. Therefore, a simple, pragmatic and adequately conservative approach for the identification of substances of very low or no immediate concern at an early stage is presented. The fundamental principles and basic concepts are derived from the EU Technical Guidance Document and EUSES, and are translated into an easy-to-use rule-based system. For this development, the effect on risk characterisation ratios (RCRs) of the key environmental parameters in EUSES was quantified (taking into account several standardised chemical release scenarios). Using statistical analysis, ranges were identified for each key parameter, within which the end result of the assessment was not significantly affected. This information was then translated into a lookup table from which environmental risk characterisation ratios can be directly read as a function of a few parameters. 相似文献
126.
Habitat restoration at a landscape scale is becoming increasingly important in environmental management. In this context, geographical information systems are well suited as they can store and integrate many of the abiotic and biotic criteria used to assess the ecological worth of a site. However, this capacity can be limited by the availability or suitability of spatial data sets. A classic example of the latter case is the National Soil Map of England and Wales, which groups soils of a varied nature into associations. Consequently the national soil map has proved to be a poor predictor of habitat suitability. Using polytomous logistic regression we put forward a method for separating soil associations into their constituent soils within the Chilterns Natural Area. This approach used soil association, aspect, slope and relative height as variables for this analysis. Whilst the model's performance is likely to have been limited by the accuracy of the soil association data set, a predictive accuracy of between 47 and 65% is sufficient to facilitate better targeting of habitat restoration when combined with other abiotic factors such as climate and topography. 相似文献
127.
Predicting freshwater organisms based on machine learning is becoming more and more reliable due to the availability of appropriate datasets, advanced modelling techniques and the continuously increasing capacity of computers. A database consisting of measurements collected at 360 sampling sites in non-navigable watercourses in Flanders was applied to predict the absence/presence of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa by means of decision trees. The measured variables were a combination of physical–chemical (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity, total organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus), structural (granulometric analysis of the sediment, width, depth and flow velocity of the river) and two ecotoxicological variables. The predictive power of decision trees was assessed on the basis of the number of Correctly Classified Instances (CCI). A genetic algorithm was introduced to compare the predictive power of different sets of input variables for the decision trees. The number of input variables was reduced from 15 to 2–8 variables without affecting the predictive power of the decision trees significantly. Furthermore, reducing the number of input variables allowed to ease the identification of general data trends. 相似文献
128.
Jeffrey R. Brook Alan H. Wiebe Sandra A. Woodhouse Celine V. Audette Tom F. Dann Sandra Callaghan Maria Piechowski Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska Joseph F. Dloughy 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1997,31(24):4223-4236
The Canadian Acid Aerosol Measurement Program (CAAMP) was established in 1992 to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric behaviour of fine particle strong acidity (“acid aerosols”) and to facilitate an assessment of the potential health risks associated with acid aerosols and particles in general. During 1992. 1993 and 1994, annular denuder and filter measurements were taken at four sites in Ontario, two in Quebec, three in the Atlantic Provinces and one in the greater Vancouver area. Mean fine particle sulphate concentrations (SO42−) were highest in southern Ontario (annual average ranged from 40–70 nmol m−3), lowest at a site in the Vancouver area (average = 16 nmol m−3) and second lowest in rural Nova Scotia. However, mean fine particle strong acid concentrations (H+) were geographically different. The highest mean concentrations were at the east coast sites (annual average of up to 30 nmol m−3). Acidities were lower in areas where the fine particle acidity experienced greater neutralization from reaction with ammonia. This included the major urban centres (i.e. Toronto and Montréal) and areas with greater amounts of agricultural activity, as in rural southern Ontario. On average, ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particle mass were larger in the urban areas and also in areas where SO42− levels were higher. All the particle components were episodic. However, compared to SO42− and fine particles (PM2.5 or PM2.1, depending upon inlet design), episodes of H+ tended to be less frequent and of shorter duration, particularly in Ontario. Saint John, New Brunswick, had the highest mean annual H+ concentration, which was 30 nmol m−3. H+ episodes (24 h concentration > 100 nmol m−3) were also the most frequent at this location. The high levels in Saint John were partially due to local sulphur dioxide sources and heterogeneous chemistry occurring in fog, which, on average, led to a 50% enhancement in sulphate, relative to upwind conditions.There was a substantial amount of intersite correlation in the day to day variations in H+, SO42− , PM2.5 and PM10 (fine + coarse particles) concentrations, which is due to the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of fine particles. Sulphate was the most regionally homogenous species. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing SO42− between sites ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, depending on site separation and lag time. In many cases, particle episodes were observed to move across the entire eastern portion of Canada with about a two-day lag between the SO42− levels in southern Ontario and in southern Nova Scotia. 相似文献
129.
Gabriela M. Vélez-Rubio Andrés Estrades Alejandro Fallabrino Jesús Tomás 《Marine Biology》2013,160(11):2797-2811
We present the first study conducted in a wide spatio-temporal scale on marine turtles strandings (N = 1,107) over a 12-year period (1999–2010) in Uruguay. Five species were recorded Chelonia mydas (N = 643; 58.1 %), Caretta caretta (N = 329; 29.7 %), Dermochelys coriacea (N = 131; 11.8 %), Eretmochelys imbricata (N = 3; 0.3 %), and Lepidochelys olivacea (N = 1; 0.1 %). The first three species stranded throughout the Uruguayan coast, but differences in distribution patterns were detected among species. Although occurring year round, stranding records show a clear seasonal pattern with variation in monthly distribution among species, but with a peak of records in austral summer. Strandings provide indirect evidence of threats to marine turtles in Uruguayan and surrounding waters, particularly fisheries and marine debris. Our results demonstrate that Uruguayan coastal waters likely serve as a foraging or development area for at least three endangered marine turtle species in temperate waters. 相似文献
130.
Triplefin fishes reach their greatest diversity in New Zealand with 26 endemic species, and habitat diversification has been
implicated as a key factor in the divergence of this group. Despite this, it is unknown whether species-specific habitat patterns
in these sympatric fishes are established by passive processes (e.g. differential mortality) or by habitat selection during
settlement. We investigate this question by comparing the habitat associations of new recruits with those of conspecific adults
in five species. In addition, the amount of variation in habitat use of conspecific recruits and adults was calculated to
identify ontogenetic shifts in habitat association. The results indicated that while there were some differences between recruit
and adult habitats, these differences were small in magnitude and habitat use of new recruits was similar to that of adult
conspecifics. This finding was further supported by the small difference in variation of habitat use between conspecific recruits
and adults. The study suggests that new recruits are actively involved in the selection of habitats at settlement and maintain
the use of these throughout demersal life. Habitat use in these territorial species has a large influence on mate choice,
thus habitat selection by new recruits would provide a powerful mechanism for pre-zygotic isolation between individuals with
different habitat preferences. Together these findings support the notion that habitat diversification has been a major component
in the radiation of this sympatric group. 相似文献