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346.
There are numerous reports of invertebrates that are visual mimics of ants, but no formal reports of mimicry of an ant, by
an ant. Two endemic Australian ants, Myrmecia fulvipes and Camponotus bendigensis are remarkably similar in colour and size; both are generally black but have red legs and golden gasters. The density and
hue of the pubescence of each ant's gaster are relatively uncommon in ants, but are very rare when combined with the black
forebody and red legs. The ants are similarly sized but are smaller than other species closely related to M. fulvipes. The range of C. bendigensis lies entirely within that of M. fulvipes, and both species excavate ground nests in open woodland. Finally, workers of both species are crepuscular and forage solitarily.
These data suggest that the relatively benign formicine C. bendigensis is a Batesian mimic of the formidable myrmeciine M. fulvipes.
Received: 9 August 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 22 December 1999 相似文献
347.
Mechanics and Morphology of Silk Drawn from Anesthetized Spiders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
CO2 and N2 anesthetized Nephila spiders produced dragline silk with mechanical properties that differed from control silk as a function of time under anesthesia.
Silk from CO2 spiders had a significantly lower breaking strain and breaking energy, significantly higher initial modulus, and marginally
lower breaking stress. At the onset of anesthesia the silk diameter became highly variable. During deep anesthesia silk either
became thinner or retained cross-section but fibrillated.
Received: 26 August 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 22 December 1999 相似文献
348.
Chemical synapses are highly specialized cell–cell junctions designed for efficient signaling between nerve cells. Distinct
cytoskeletal matrices are assembled at either side of the synaptic junction. The presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone
(CAZ) defines and organizes the site of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. The postsynaptic density
(PSD) tethers neurotransmitter receptors and the postsynaptic signal transduction machinery. Recent progress in the identification
and characterization of novel CAZ and PSD components has revealed new insights into the molecular organization and assembly
mechanisms of the synaptic neurotransmission apparatus. On the presynaptic side, Bassoon and Piccolo, two related giant proteins,
are crucially involved in scaffolding the CAZ. On the postsynaptic side, two families of multi-domain adaptor proteins, the
MAGuKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs) and the ProSAP (proline-rich synapse-associated protein, also termed
Shank) family members are thought to be major organizing molecules of the PSD. 相似文献
349.
Wir danken Dr. Kerndorff für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts. 相似文献
350.
The restoration of surface mining landscapes requires the (re)creation of ecosystems. In Lusatia (eastern Germany), large-scale open-cast lignite mining operations generated spoil dumps widely consisting of acidified, phytotoxic substrates. Amelioration and rehabilitation measures have been developed and applied to these substrates since the 1950s. However, it is still not clear whether these approaches are sustainable. This paper reports on collaborative research work into the ecological potential of forest ecosystem development on typical minesites in the Lusatian lignite district. At first sight, pine stands on minesites along a chronosequence comprising about 35 years did not show differences when compared with stands on non-mined sites of the general region. Furthermore, with some modification, conceptual models for flora and fauna succession in forest stands on non-mined sites seem to be applicable, at least for the early stages of forest ecosystem development. For example, soil organism abundance and activity at minesites had already reached levels typical of non-mined sites after about 20-30 years. In contrast, mine soils are very different from non-mined soils of the test region. Chemically, mine soil development is dominated by processes originating from pyrite oxidation. Geogenic, i.e. lignitic, soil organic carbon was shown to substitute for some functions of pedogenic soil organic matter. Rooting was hampered but not completely impeded in strongly acidified soil compartments. Roots and mycorrhizae are apparently able to make use of the characteristic heterogeneity of young mine soils. Considering these recent results and the knowledge accumulated during more than 30 years of research on minesite rehabilitation internationally, it can be stated that minesite restoration might be used as an ideal case study for forest ecosystem development starting at "point zero" on "terra nova". 相似文献