大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价

为了解PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和降尘中Cu、Mn、Pb、Ti、V、Cd、Cr、Co、Mo、Ni等10种重金属元素的分布特征及人体健康风险,利用大流量颗粒物采样器采集了北京城区某地四季大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)及降尘样品,用ICP-MS测定了上述10种金属元素的质量浓度.结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年均质量浓度分别为153.40μg·m~(-3)和232.93μg·m~(-3),超出GB 3095-2012中二类环境功能区标准限值的5倍和3倍;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的均值为0.74,表明大气颗粒物中以粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒为主;后向轨迹分析结果表明外源颗粒物的来向随季节变化而改变,冬、春、夏、秋季主要来向为西北、北-东北、东南、东南-西北.PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中10种元素的年均质量浓度从高到低依次为TiMnPbCuCrNiVCdMoCo,其中Ti、Mn、Pb、Cu和Cr这5种元素占10种目标元素总质量浓度的91.93%和92.49%.除PM_(10)中Cd年均质量浓度(6.53 ng·m~(-3))高于GB 3095-2012限定值(5.00 ng·m~(-3))外,其他元素的质量浓度均不超标.降尘中各元素的含量由高到低依次为TiMnPbCuNiCrVCoMoCd,Ti(2561.48μg·g~(-1))占所有元素的质量分数为72.57%,地累积指数(Igeo)结果表明,Cd(4.03)属重度污染,Pb(2.49)介于中度污染和重度污染之间,Cu(1.33)属中度污染,Ni(0.43)属轻微污染.重金属的致癌健康风险(10-4)和非致癌健康风险(1),均处于较低水平,短期内不会对人体健康造成威胁,但不能忽视长期处于此环境所带来的健康危害.     

基于车载测试的重型柴油车尾气典型烷烃排放特征

本文采用车载排放测试系统对11辆国Ⅰ~国Ⅳ标准重型柴油车进行实际道路测试,利用GC-MS对样品中典型烷烃进行定量分析,解析重型柴油车尾气典型烷烃排放特征及规律.结果表明,排放标准对重型柴油车尾气中正构烷烃、藿烷类有机物排放有显著影响,总体呈现随排放标准的加严而降低的趋势,相比于国Ⅰ测试车辆,国Ⅳ测试车辆正构烷烃、17α(H),21β(H)-C30藿烷(C30-藿烷)、22S-和22R-17α(H),21β(H)-C31升藿烷(22S-C31升藿烷;22R-C31升藿烷)总排放因子分别降低了72.23%,64.95%,70.78%和74.68%.气相正构烷烃呈双峰前锋型,以C17~C18为主峰碳,固相呈单峰前锋型,以C18~C21为主峰碳.藿烷类有机物其22S-C31升藿烷/(22S-C31升藿烷+22R-C31升藿烷)的比值在0.46~0.56之间,平均值为0.50,符合石油中藿烷的分布特征.正构烷烃总排放因子与17α(H),21β(H)-C30藿烷总排放因子呈现出一定的线性关系,其R~2为0.926 8.此外,行驶工况对测试车辆正构烷烃及藿烷类有机物排放有较大影响,非高速工况下排放因子是高速工况的1.69~2.42倍.     

Shifts in microbial community structure and diversity in a MBR combined with worm reactors treating synthetic wastewater

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₃-N removal, membrane fouling, sludge characteristics and microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) coupled with worm reactors (SSBWR) were evaluated for 210 days. The obtained results were compared to those from a conventional MBR (C-MBR) operated in parallel. The results indicated that the combined MBR (S-MBR) achieved higher COD and NH₃-N removal efficiency, slower increase in membrane fouling, better sludge settleability and higher activities of the related enzymes in the activated sludge. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the microbial community structures in the C-MBR and the S-MBR. The microbial community structure in the S-MBR was more diverse than that in the C-MBR. Additionally, the slow-growing microbes such as Saprospiraceae, Actinomyces, Frankia, Clostridium, Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Dechloromonas and Flavobacterium were enriched in the S-MBR, further accounting for the sludge reduction, membrane fouling alleviation and wastewater treatment.     

北京市郊区夏季臭氧重污染特征及生成效率

为研究北京郊区夏季O₃(臭氧)重污染过程特征及O₃生成的光化学敏感性,基于2016年夏季在北京郊区开展的针对O₃及其相关污染物的强化观测试验(7月23日—8月31日,共计40 d),分析了观测期间O₃浓度[以φ(O₃)计]变化特征、O₃重污染过程主控因素与O₃敏感性化学特征.结果表明:观测期间φ(O₃)超标时有发生,最大小时φ(O₃)为151.1×10-9,其中有15 d的φ(O₃)最大8 h滑动平均值(O₃-max-8h)超过了GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,占观测天数的37.5%;不同O₃重污染过程成因有所不同,城市烟羽传输的污染物对郊区O₃重污染过程影响显著(观测期间臭氧重污染过程:过程1,7月27—29日;过程3,8月9—11日;过程4,8月16日;过程5,8月21—24日),区域光化学污染对郊区O₃重污染过程也有贡献(观测期间O₃重污染过程2:8月4—6日);结合后向气流轨迹进一步辅助说明了不同重污染过程中O₃的来源不同.研究还发现,观测区域存在反“周末效应”现象,说明观测区域周末受人为影响较为明显;基于观测数据计算的OPE(O₃生成效率)分析了O₃光化学敏感性表明,在有OPE值的22 d内NO_x控制区和VOCs控制区出现的概率(41%)相等,即观测区域O₃对NO_x和VOCs均敏感;此外还发现,在O₃重污染过程中光化学敏感性会随其反应进程发生改变,由NO_x控制区逐渐转变为VOCs控制区.      

博斯腾湖西岸表流人工湿地水体脱盐效果研究

针对博斯腾湖日益严重的盐污染问题,以博斯腾湖西岸表面流人工湿地为研究对象,引当地排渠水进入人工湿地,对人工湿地的进水和出水进行连续7个月的水质监测,对比分析进水和出水中8种离子(Ca~(2+)、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-)和矿化度的变化,结果表明:人工湿地进水含盐量较高,8种离子的浓度和矿化度波动较大,4月和10月进水为微咸水,5—9月进水为咸水,而出水含盐量相对较低,8种离子的浓度和矿化度波动较小,各月出水均为微咸水。经计算分析可知,人工湿地对水体总盐的平均去除率为51%,水体盐分的去除率与温度呈正相关,且随季节性温度变化而发生变化。     

碳酸钙改性硅藻土处理电解锌漂洗废水实验研究

铅锌矿在我国储存量大,电解法生产锌过程中可产生含Zn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、As5+和Cu~(2+)等重金属离子的漂洗废水。以硅藻土精土为基体,用碳酸钙作为改性剂制备改性硅藻土,对电解锌漂洗废水进行吸附实验研究。结果表明:在反应时间为150 min,碳酸钙改性硅藻土用量为3 g/L,pH为5.46,温度为25℃条件下,对废水进行吸附实验,吸附后废水中的Cu~(2+)和As5+离子浓度低于仪器检测线(0.01 mg/L和0.09 mg/L),Pb~(2+)浓度为0.16 mg/L,吸附后废水中Cu~(2+)、As5+和Pb~(2+)离子浓度均满足GB 25466—2010《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》的排放要求。同时,采用SEM、FTIR、XRD等对碳酸钙改性硅藻土进行表征,进一步探讨了碳酸钙改性硅藻土对重金属的吸附机理。     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

In-situ synthesis of TiO2 rutile/anatase heterostructure by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature and thickness effect of outermost rutile layer on photocatalysis

TiO_2 rutile/anatase heterostructure thin films with varying rutile thickness have been in-situ synthesized via DC magnetron sputtering with Ar gas at room temperature. The crystal texture, surface morphology, energy gap and optical properties of the films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction meter, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction meter, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectrophotometer, which indicates that the rutile/anatase heterostructure films are successfully fabricated. The further degradation experiments display that the photocatalytic activity can be dramatically affected by the thickness of the outmost rutile layer and the 100 nm thickness exhibits the best performance in all of the TiO_2 thin films. With the increase of the outmost rutile layer, the optical band gap of TiO_2 film displays a systematic decrease slightly. However,the change in photocatalytic activity does not coincide with that in the band gap. The photoresponse and electrochemical properties of the thin films have been characterized to understand the mechanism of the varied photocatalytic activity.     

哈尔滨市土壤表层重金属污染特征及来源辨析

鉴于确定土壤重金属来源是降低土壤重金属人为输入和控制土壤重金属面源污染扩散的必然要求,以哈尔滨市9个市辖区中4个主要老城区（道里区、道外区、南岗区、香坊区）为研究区,依据标准格网进行土壤样本采集（表层土壤样本307个,深层土壤样本77个）,分析土壤中w（As）、w（Hg）、w（Cd）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）;并利用主成分分析法、地累积指数法和指示克里格插值法,分别对该区不同成土母质区域表层土壤重金属的污染特征和来源进行分析.结果表明:① 哈尔滨市四区表层土壤中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn主要来源于成土母质,Hg和Cd受人类活动的影响显著.② 以各类成土母质中重金属含量平均值为评价依据,哈尔滨市表层土壤中Hg、Cd表现出较大范围的重金属污染,依据土壤样本所在格网覆盖范围,污染范围分别占研究区的60%、65%.③ Cu、Pb、Zn污染范围小且污染程度低.研究显示,人口集聚、工业发展、交通发达等因素已经造成研究区表层土壤中Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn不同程度、不同范围的污染,需要合理有效地处理生活垃圾、控制工业和交通排放,以缓解表层土壤重金属污染.      

2015年10月南京霾污染过程分析

为探讨南京秋季霾污染过程发生的主要影响因素,利用南京信息工程大学太阳光度计观测霾污染发生天气下AOD（aerosol optical depth,气溶胶光学厚度）数据,计算AE_440-1020（?ngstr?m Exponent,波长指数）以及a₂（光谱曲率）,结合CALIPSO（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations）卫星气溶胶组分分析以及MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）火点数据,对2015年10月南京霾污染过程进行分析.结果表明:2015年10月出现的两次霾污染过程期间南京地区AE_440-1020均高于1.0并且a₂呈负值,其中10月16日AQI达到峰值（201）,AOD₅₀₀达1.51,AE_440-1020达1.37,a₂达-0.77;这两次较为严重的霾污染过程均主要由人为因素（工业污染、城市建设、生物质燃烧、汽车尾气排放等）产生的细粒子所致.后向轨迹分析发现,2015年10月16日南京地区霾污染天气发生的主要原因是区域型污染,同时受长距离输送影响,大量携带人为因素产生的细粒子以及少量沙尘等污染物的空气团途经内蒙古、山东等地到达南京,加剧了当日的污染程度;2015年10月23日南京地区霾污染天气的发生则主要受长距离输送影响,同时也受到区域型污染影响,加剧了当日的污染程度.研究显示,在稳定的气象条件下,较高的相对湿度、较低的地表风速、低混合层高度以及贴地逆温的出现是诱发霾污染天气产生的有利气象条件.