江苏省近30年冰雹灾害的时空变化规律

利用江苏省70个气象台站1980-2009年间的冰雹观测资料,分析了江苏省冰雹灾害发生的时空变化特征,并结合Mann-Kendall方法探讨了气候变暖对江苏省冰雹发生趋势的影响。研究表明:(1)江苏省上世纪80年代为降雹多发期,90年代明显减少,本世纪初以来又有明显回升趋势;(2)江苏省一年中降雹多发季为春、夏两季,降雹日约占全年总降雹日数的94.7%;(3)全省降雹空间分布的总体特征是:东部沿海多,西部内陆少;中北部多,南部少;(4)这30 a中发生在江苏省的降雹路径主要有四条;(5)与江苏省冰雹灾情年际不稳定度成正相关的雹日空间变异系数自东北向西南递增;(6)导致这30 a江苏省冰雹时空变化格局的主要成因是全球气候变暖、大气环流背景、局地中小尺度大气动力场、地形起伏和下垫面热力属性等。     

Polyaniline nanofibers: acute toxicity and teratogenic effect on Rhinella arenarum embryos

The fate and effect of nanomaterials in the environment is of paramount importance towards the technological application of the materials. This work shows the ecotoxicological potential of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers in the larvae Rhinella arenarum by means of AMPHITOX test. Acute toxicity of PANI nanofibers towards embryos of the common South American toad R. arenarum (Anura: bufonidae) was evaluated in the premetamorphosis (stage 25) larvae. The exposure of R. arenarum larvae to at dose of 150, 250 and 400 mg L⁻¹ resulted in 100% viability within 96 h exposure. The embryos at 2-4 blastomers stage (early life stage teratogenic test) revealed that embryos were not killed and no teratogenic effects were observed when embryos were incubated with PANI nanofibers (150 and 250 mg L⁻¹), while only a growth retardation of embryos was induced at levels of 250 mg PANI nanofibers L⁻¹. On the other hand, at 400 mg L⁻¹ concentration, a reduction in the body length of larvae and tail malformation was observed. This results suggest that a concentration-dependent toxicity is operative, typified by phenotypes that had abnormal body axes. The presence of PANI nanofibers in gut contents and its excretion by larval stages of R. arenarum was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy.     

What motivates farmers to participate in the Nova Scotia environmental farm plan program? Evidence and environmental policy implications

Program stakeholders are interested in better understanding farmers' experience, and factors that affect farmer participation in the relatively new Environmental Farm Plan (EFP) program, implemented in several provinces in Canada. To increase relevance of the research findings to EFP program administrators and policy makers, the research methods emphasised determining whether relationships exist among program-related variables, and how such relationships affect farmers' decision choices and behaviour. Traditional farmer and farm attributes that have contrasting effects in agricultural innovation adoption and conservation management (namely age, and formal education completed), were not associated with EFP program participation. Farm income, years of farming experience, and type of agribusiness managed were associated with participation in the Nova Scotia EFP program. Although program participants tended to have higher incomes, overall, non-financial considerations dominated monetary considerations in Nova Scotia farmers' reasons for participating in the Nova Scotia EFP. Helping to publicize positive farm stewardship practices was reported as the most important reason for participating in the EFP scheme, followed by its use to help improve relationships with non-farming neighbours, and to comply with government environmental regulations. In contrast, and somewhat a surprising finding, minimizing potential farm environmental risk, program administrators' raison d'être for promoting the NS EFP, was ranked the lowest, with no respondent rating that as a "very important" or "extremely important" reason for participating in the EFP program.     

化学沉淀法除去废水中的氨氮及其反应的探讨

研究了化学沉淀法处理含氨氮废水，实验研究了不同操作条件，如溶液ｐＨ值、沉淀剂种类和配比、废水中的初始氨浓度等对氨的处理效率的影响，在适宜的操作条件下，可除去废水中的氨高达９９％，处理后残液中氨浓度小于１ｍｇ／Ｌ（１ｐｐｍ），探讨了化学沉淀反应过程的机理。     

内蒙古段黄河沉积物对磷的吸附特征研究

研究了黄河干流内蒙古段6个地理位置的沉积物对磷的吸附行为, 并分析了沉积物组成及其理化性质与磷吸附特征的关系. 结果表明, 沉积物对磷的最大吸附量为43.64～85.46 　mg/kg, 吸附能力较弱. 各沉积物的吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(EPC₀)范围在0.000 3～0.019 8　mg/L, 与可解吸的内源磷含量正相关, 与地理位置没有表现出相关性. 本研究条件下, 在石嘴山、乌拉特前旗、清水河断面, 沉积物对磷表现为“源"; 在乌海、临河、包头断面表现为“汇", 但释放量和吸附量不大. 内蒙古段黄河沉积物对磷吸附的Langmuir吸附常数K)与阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质含量、粘土含量均呈正相关, 与平均粒径呈负相关. 活性态Fe含量与最大吸附量显著正相关, 是沉积物对磷的主要持留因素.     

呼和浩特市PM2.5和PM10污染特征与相关性分析

本文分析探究了2016-2018年呼和浩特市PM2.5与PM10质量浓度的时间变化污染特征和趋势.结果表明:2016-2018年呼和浩特市的PM2.5与PM10质量浓度时刻变化均呈现"双峰双谷"字型;月变化趋势略有不同,PM2.5呈"单峰单谷"字型,最大值为65μg/m3,最小值为21μg/m3,PM10呈"双峰单谷"...     

医院污水治理技术探讨

对医院污水的治理技术从三个方面加以阐述：污水中有机物的去除，污水排放前的消毒，污泥的无害化处理。     

菹草残体厌氧分解过程中上覆水的硫酸盐还原特征

在富营养化淡水湖泊中,微生物对水生植物的厌氧分解会导致局部水域泛黑发臭,产生草源性"湖泛"现象,但是当前对上覆水中硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB)在水生植物残体分解中的作用还不甚了解.本研究通过室内模拟实验,分别向湖水(本底硫酸根浓度为40 mg·L~(-1))中添加不同浓度的硫酸根,研究了硫酸根浓度升高对上覆水中SRB参与水生植物菹草(P.crispus)残体分解的影响.结果表明,硫酸根浓度升高显著促进了上覆水中硫酸盐还原作用,实验第50 d时,添加了40 mg·L~(-1)硫酸根实验组(40S)中可溶性硫化物(∑H_2S)为(100.11±5.08) mg·L~(-1),远高于未添加硫酸根对照组(CK)的(46.83±3.79) mg·L~(-1).硫还原细菌如脱硫化弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)和脱硫微菌属(Desulfomicrobium)在40S中的相对丰度显著高于CK(p0.05),而脱硫化孢弯菌属(Desulfosporosinus)则在CK中的相对丰度更高,这说明硫酸根浓度升高促进了菹草残体厌氧分解过程中某些特定种属SRB的生长繁殖.此外,硫酸根浓度升高也影响了菹草厌氧分解过程中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)组分含量的变化,类腐殖质组分在第63 d的荧光强度显著高于第10 d(p0.05),这说明硫酸根浓度升高促进了菹草厌氧分解过程中类腐殖质的产生.本研究对于进一步认识淡水水体中硫酸盐还原的环境效应及生物学机制具有重要意义,也为富营养化水体生态系统修复提供理论依据.     

微波辐照铬渣解毒的工艺研究

根据含铬废渣的污染特性,利用煤、污水处理厂脱水污泥和紫茎泽兰秸杆作还原剂,在微波辐照下进行单因素与多因素正交还原解毒实验.实验表明,紫茎泽兰秸杆和脱水污泥的解毒效果优于煤,并且得出在实验条件范围内,干法微波解毒的最佳工艺条件为:紫茎泽兰秸杆作还原剂,物料配比为6 g秸杆:4 g铬渣,微波功率为500 W、升温900℃.该工艺条件不仅解毒效果好,而且费用与能耗较低,对实现以废治废,推进循环经济具有现实意义.