菜地土壤中磺胺类和四环素类抗生素污染特征研究

利用超声波提取固相萃取高效液相色谱紫外检测器,分析了广州、深圳等地菜地土壤中3种四环素类(TCs)和6种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的污染特征.结果表明,四环素类单个化合物检出率为19.35%～96.77%,平均含量为9.6～44.1 μg/kg,总含量(∑TCs)在ND～242.6 μg/kg之间,平均为84.8 μg/kg,以四环素为主;磺胺类单个化合物检出率为25.81%～93.50%,平均含量为4.9～51.4 μg/kg,总含量(∑SAs)在33.3～321.4 μg/kg之间,平均为121 μg/kg,以磺胺甲唑、磺胺5甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶为主.菜地土壤中抗生素的含量与国外的相当,但检出率较高.不同蔬菜基地土壤中∑TCs和∑SAs的高低次序均为养殖场菜地>无公害蔬菜基地>普通蔬菜基地>绿色蔬菜基地.同一蔬菜基地种植不同蔬菜的土壤中抗生素的种类与含量有较大差异.菜地土壤的抗生素污染问题应引起关注.     

The monoculture vs. rotation strategies in forestry: formalization and prediction by means of Markov-chain modelling

The monoculture strategy of forest management, where the same tree species (e.g., Picea abies) is cultivated in a number of successive planting-growing-felling cycles, is generally considered to be economically efficient, yet not sustainable as it reduces biodiversity in the forest. The sound alternative suggests a long-term strategy of forest management in which different forest types rotate either with planting after clear cutting, or by natural forest succession, yet the commercial output remains dubious. We suggest an approach to formalization and modelling forest dynamics in the long-term by means of Markov chains, the monoculture strategy resulting in an absorbing chain and the rotation one in a regular chain. The approach is illustrated with a case study of Russkii Les, a managed forest located in the Moscow Region, Russia, and the nearby forest reserve having been used as a data source for undisturbed forest dynamics. Starting with conceptual schemes of transitions among certain forest types (states of the chain) in the monoculture and rotation cases, we estimated the transition probabilities by an original method based on average duration of the corresponding states and on the likelihood of alternative transitions from a state into the next one. Formal analysis of the regular chain reveals an opportunity to achieve particular management objectives within the rotation strategy, in particular, to get the distribution of forest types in accordance with an adopted hierarchy of their commercial values, i.e. more valuable types have greater shares.     

开创“白色农业”推动农业产业革命

21世纪,我国农业革命道路是实现农业的三个战略调整和大力发展白色农业。     

贫困地区的旅游开发与可持续发展

本文以贫困县一通榆县为例，探讨了贫困地区既发展旅游业，又保护环境的途径。     

大庆水库底栖动物群落调查及生物学评价

对2001—2005年大庆水库的底栖动物进行了生态调查。共观察到4科7属底栖动物．其中：软体动物为1科1属，环节动物为1科2属，水生昆虫为1科3属，甲壳动物为1科1属；底栖动物的密度变化范围为96—880个／平方米；优势种属是前突摇蚊属（Prodadicus）和摇蚊属（Chimnomus）。运用生物学污染指数（BPI—Biology Pollution Index）来评价大庆水库水质，评价结果表明：BH指数变化范围为0．73—0．82，水质属于β中污染水体，五年之间的水污染程度变化不明显，而且水质逐年有略微好转的倾向；平水期的水质略好于丰水期的水质。     

Multimedia emissions inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls for the U.S. Great Lakes states

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were banned in the United States in 1979, and since then a significant decline in their release to the environment has been observed. This decline has now reached a plateau. Several new regulatory programs have been put in place to further reduce PCB emissions/releases. However, our ability to measure the effectiveness of these regulatory/voluntary programs and to support regional fate/transport and source/receptor modeling efforts depend on reliable emission information. In this study, we attempt to improve the emission inventory for PCBs by compiling and analyzing the multimedia total PCB emission/release data reported for the U.S Great Lakes states for each year from 1990 to 2000. Although Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), National Emissions Inventory (NEI), Great Lakes Regional Air Toxic Emissions Inventory (GLRATEI), and Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) data formed the basis of estimating air emissions, we used the TRI, National Response Center (NRC), and PCB transformer inventory data to estimate PCB releases to land. We used the Permit Compliance System and NRC data to obtain estimates of PCB discharges to water systems in the Great Lakes states. The Remedial Action Plans for each area of concern were the primary source for estimating PCB loads of dredged sediments. On the basis of the NEI, IADN, and GLRATEI data, the total air emissions within the decade were approximately 126 t. The regionwide discharges to water systems and releases to land in the form of landfills and accidental spills in 1990-2000 were estimated as approximately 170 and 3225 t, respectively. We estimated that approximately 1.3 million t of PCB-contaminated sediment were removed or targeted for removal in five lakes of the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes basin. We stress that these estimates were based on reported amounts and the unreported PCB releases/emissions could result in significantly higher estimates.     

黄河中下游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

研究了黄河中下游12个沉积物的临界磷平衡浓度(EPCo),以此判断沉积物是磷"源"还是磷"汇".用修改后的Langmuir 等温吸附模型对吸附实验数据进行了拟合.结果得到最大吸附容量(PAC).Langrnuir吸附平衡常数(k).利用所得拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到EPC0、原有交换态磷(NAP)以及固·液分配系数Kp值并考察了环境因子(pH、离子强度)对吸附作用的影响·沉积物的EPCo均大于上覆水体中的磷浓度,沉积物有向上覆水体释放磷的能力.吸附容量与总有机碳(TOC)含量有较好的正相关关系.pH<6.0,沉积物释放磷并且随着pH增大吸附量增加很快;69.7.吸附量略有增高.随着Ca2 离子强度的增加,沉积物对磷的吸附量减小.