Soil fate of agricultural fumigants in raised-bed, plasticulture systems in the southeastern United States

Soil concentrations and degradation rates of methyl isothio-cyanate (MITC), chloropicrin (CP), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were determined under fumigant application scenarios representative of commercial raised bed, plastic mulched vegetable production systems. Five days after application, 1,3-D, MITC, and CP were detected at concentrations up to 3.52, 0.72, and 2.45 μg cm, respectively, in the soil atmosphere when applications were made in uniformly compacted soils with a water content >200% of field capacity and covered by a virtually impermeable or metalized film. By contrast, DMDS, MITC, and CP concentrations in the soil atmosphere were 0.81, 0.02, and 0.05 μg cm, respectively, 5 d after application in soil containing undecomposed plant residue, numerous large (>3 mm) clods, and water content below field capacity and covered by low-density polyethylene. Ranked in order of impact on the persistence of fumigants in soil were soil water content (moisture), soil tilth (the physical condition of soil as related to its fitness as a planting bed), the type of plastic film used to cover fumigated beds, and soil texture. Fumigants were readily detected 13 d after application when applied in uniformly compacted soils with water contents >200% of capacity and covered by a virtually impermeable or metalized film. By contrast, 1,3-D and MITC had dissipated 5 d after application in soils with numerous large (>3 mm) clods and water contents below field capacity that were covered by low-density polyethylene. Soil degradation of CP, DMDS, and MITC were primarily attributed to biological mechanisms, whereas degradation of 1,3-D was attributed principally to abiotic factors. This study demonstrates improved soil retention of agricultural fumigants in application scenarios representative of good agricultural practices.     

Variability of enzyme system of Nocardioform bacteria as a basis of their metabolic activity

The present review describes some aspects of organization of biodegradative pathways of Nocardioform microorganisms, first of all, with respect to their ability to degrade aromatic compounds, mostly methylbenzoate, chlorosubstituted phenols, and chlorinated biphenyls and the intermediates of their transformation: 4-chlorobenzoate and para-hydroxybenzoate. Various enzyme systems induced during degradation processes are defined. The ability of microorganisms to induce a few key enzymes under the influence of xenobiotics is described. This ability may increase the biodegradative potential of strains allowing them to survive in the changing environment or demonstrate to some extent the unspecific response of microorganisms to the effect of toxicants. Nocardioform microorganisms responsible for degradation of such persistent compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated benzoates and phenols and other xenobiotics are characterized. The possibility of using Nocardioform microorganisms in some aspects of biotechnology due to their ability to produce some compounds important for industry is also estimated.     

水化电子e_(aq)~-对乙酰甲胺磷的作用

利用60Co-γ辐射降解有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷的稀水溶液,以乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率为指标,研究了不同吸收剂量下水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷稀水溶液辐照前后的毒性变化;并采用高效液相色谱、离子色谱、气-质联用等检测手段对降解产物进行了分析.结合溶液毒性变化和降解率、生成的无机离子浓度、降解产物结构分析等,初步推导了60Co-γ辐射降解过程中水化电子对乙酰甲胺磷的作用机理.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中四环素类抗生素

建立了蔬菜中四环素类抗生素(TCs)的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析方法.蔬菜样品以(乙腈+ Na_2SO_4+CH_3COONa=Na_2EDTA+CaCl_2)溶液超声提取,提取液再用正己烷进行液-液萃取去脂,以HLB柱净化富集.利用HPLC-FLD,以缓冲液[0.35mol·l-1CaCl_2+0.025mol·l-1Na_2EDTA+0.075mol·l-1CH_3COONa(Ph=7.3)]-乙腈(82.5:17.5,V/V)为流动相,于激发波长390nm、发射波长512nm处进行检测.蔬菜样品中土霉素(OTC)和四环素(TC)的定量限分别为0.471μg·kg-1和0.532μg ·kg-1,加标回收率为68.61%-114.12%.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品的分析结果表明,OTC和TC的含量分别在0.041--0.174mg·kg-1(鲜重)和0-0.048mg·kg-1(鲜重)之间,部分蔬菜中 OTC的含量高于我国农业部动物性食品中控制标准.     

黄河沉积物对磷的吸附行为

研究了黄河流域9个沉积物对磷的吸附行为,用修改后的Langmuir等温吸附模型对吸附实验数据进行了拟合,得到最大吸附容量PAC、Langmuir吸附平衡常数k.利用所得拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到EPC_0,以此判断沉积物是磷"源"还是磷"汇",分析了沉积物组成及其理化性质与磷吸附特征的关系.结果表明,各沉积物的吸附,解吸平衡磷浓度EPC_0范围在0.0031～0.109 3 mg/L,,其值也较低,与可解吸的内源磷含量正相关,与地理位置没有表现出相关性.在本研究条件下,在壶口张家湾断面,沉积物对磷表现为"汇";而其他沉积物对磷表现为"源",但释放量和吸附量不大.黄河沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量PAC的范围为0.073～0.454 mg/L,吸附能力较弱,沉积物的最大吸附容量与沉积物的有机质有较好的正相关关系.此外,沉积物对磷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度C_S效应,吸附滞后角随着C_S的增加而增大,随着同体浓度的增加,沉积物对P的吸附量逐渐降低,但EPCC_0值却增大,体现了颗粒物在磷循环中的两性作用.     

气相色谱法测定水中的五氯酚

本文报道了用于测定水中五氯酚的气相色谱方法.根据样品基质不同,五氯酚加入浓度在0.2—3.8ppb时,回收率约为86—96％,相对标准偏差为1.5—4.5％.采样10ml,方法的最低检测浓度为0.02ppb,线性范围约为两个数量级.方法已成功地用于河水及污水中五氯酚的测定.     

鼠李糖脂强化多环芳烃微生物修复的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是普遍存在于环境中具有强烈毒性、致突变性和致癌性的难降解有机物,可造成严重的环境污染。由于低水溶性而导致的低生物可利用率是限制PAHs微生物降解的主要因素。生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂由于在形成胶束后能够大幅提高PAHs的表观溶解度,且毒性低、无二次污染,因而在PAHs微生物降解的研究中得到广泛关注。目前关于鼠李糖脂强化PAHs微生物降解的研究主要集中于其强化效果,而对其强化机制的研究仍不够深入。该文基于鼠李糖脂的性质及铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的鼠李糖脂生物合成及调控,从鼠李糖脂提高PAHs溶解度、强化胶束传质、提高细胞表面疏水性、降低细胞表面Zeta电位、提高细胞膜通透性等方面综述其在强化PAHs微生物降解机制方面的最新研究进展,并总结了温度、pH、浓度和离子强度等环境因素对强化效果的影响。在此基础上,提出未来需要进一步探索鼠李糖脂生物可降解性与强化降解效果之间的平衡关系,明确pH影响PAHs溶解度的机理,并从基因、转录、蛋白和代谢水平对鼠李糖脂作用前后降解菌内参与调控菌体细胞表面疏水性（CSH）和膜通透性的相关基因的表达差异进行分析...     

二氧化钛催化下的氯化二苯并—对—二恶英光解反应

本文利用中压汞灯作光源，研究了氯化二苯并－对－二恶英（ＣＤＤａ，包括ＣＤＤ，ＤＣＤＤ〈ＰｅＣＤＤ和ＯＣＤＤ）在二氧化钛催化下的光解反应，并讨论了二氧化钛浓度、ＰＨ值、反应温度以及取代氯原子数目等对反应速率的影响，结果表明，二氧化钛能有效地催化ＣＤＤａ的光降解，在室温下，４ｈ内ＤＣＤＤ，ＰｅＣＤＤ，ＯＣＤＤ分解降解了８７．２％，８４．６％，９１．２％，反应温度和二氧化钛浓度是控制该反应的主要因素。     

多氯代二恶英在土壤表面的紫外光解研究

本文利用５００Ｗ中压汞灯研究了二恶英在干燥土壤中的紫外光解，根据光解结果计算了土壤中二恶英的降解深度，并分析了五氯代二恶英（ＰｅＣＤＤ）的光解产物，结果表明，二恶英在土表面发生了较快的光解反应，反应在２ｈ内基本完成，降解深度为０．０２７ｍｍ，对ＰｅＣＣＤ光解产物的分析结果显示，二恶英在土壤表面紫外光降解的主要途径为脱氯，而且脱氯优先发生在邻位下。