沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺参数优化研究

简述了沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺(ZCS工艺)的工艺原理,选取了影响沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺污水处理效果的影响因素,通过正交实验,优化了工艺的运行参数.在优化结果为泥龄(SRT)40 d、沸石投加量16.8 g/L、外回流比(R)1、内回流比(r)1、A池碳源投加比(m)0、吸附池溶解氧(DO吸)1 mh/L和O池溶解氧(DOO)2 mg/L的条件下稳定运行后,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级B标准的要求.     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术,其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液,比色法分析。试验表明,用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少,用标准参考物质检验证明,分解完全,数据准确,有粒较好一致性。     

A FS-830型双道原子荧光光度计常见故障及排除方法

以吉天AFS-830型双道原子荧光光度计为例,介绍了仪器使用过程中出现的联机失败、管路不畅、自动进样器停止工作等常见故障,分析了故障产生的原因,并提出了排除方法。     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments and their potential toxic effects

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of marine sediments from Paranagua Bay on the southern coast of Brazil was investigated. Paranagua Bay is the location of a major port, one of the busiest in Brazil. The region has a great potential for tourism and port-related industries and activities. Due to its characteristics as a venue for tourism, two major campaigns were planned: one 3 months before the summer (between December and February) and a second after the vacation season. Total concentration of PAHs in sediments ranged from 26.33 to 406.76 ng/g (in both campaigns). The highest values were found in sediments with higher organic carbon content. We found no substantial differences between the two campaigns, and the values are quite similar. Ternary diagrams show that points P5 and P6 were considered polluted, while others were classified as non-polluted. Molecular ratios indicate that the main sources of PAHs are petrogenic and the burning of fossil fuels. Sediment toxicity was assessed by the presence of PAHs in terms of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration. The toxicity of PAHs mixtures can be characterized more accurately by developing and establishing toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PAHs. Considering TEFs, the BaP_eq concentrations vary between 0.264 and 5.922 ng/g (considering both campaigns). Thus, two points are above the maximum level recommended (3 ng/g) by the Netherlands sediment quality guidelines. In fact, sites P5 and P6 apparently are exposed to a greater number of pollution sources, thus reflecting the higher concentration of PAHs compounds in sediments.     

Characterizations of volatile organic compounds during high ozone episodes in Beijing,China

Air samples were collected in Beijing from June through August 2008, and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in those samples are here discussed. This sampling was performed to increase understanding of the distributions of their compositions, illustrate the overall characteristics of different classes of VOCs, assess the ages of air masses, and apportion sources of VOCs using principal compound analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS). During the sampling periods, the relative abundance of the four classes of VOCs as determined by the concentration-based method was different from that determined by the reactivity approach. Alkanes were found to be most abundant (44.3–50.1%) by the concentration-based method, but aromatic compounds were most abundant (38.2–44.5%) by the reactivity approach. Aromatics and alkenes contributed most (73–84%) to the ozone formation potential. Toluene was the most abundant compound (11.8–12.7%) during every sampling period. When the maximum incremental reactivity approach was used, propene, toluene, m,p-xylene, 1-butene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were the five most abundant compounds during two sampling periods. X/B, T/B, and E/B ratios in this study were lower than those found in other cities, possibly due to the aging of the air mass at this site. Four components were extracted from application of PCA to the data. It was found that the contribution of vehicle exhaust to total VOCs accounted for 53% of VOCs, while emissions due to the solvent use contributed 33% of the total VOCs. Industrial sources contributed 3% and biogenic sources contributed 11%. The results showed that vehicle exhausts (i.e., unburned vehicle emissions + vehicle internal engine combustion) were dominant in VOC emissions during the experimental period. The solvent use made the second most significant contribution to ambient VOCs.     

城市交通干道绿地砷污染评价

为了研究城市砷污染的现状及不同区域砷污染的空间差异性,以吉林市表层土壤为研究对象,在交通干道的绿化带和磨盘山保护区采集35个土壤样本,进行pH、有机质及砷含量的测定。采用单项污染指数、污染累计指数法等对土壤砷污染进行评价,并运用方差分析的方法对不同区域的砷污染进行了差异比较。研究表明:吉林市街道砷含量为26.43 mg/kg,为磨盘山自然土壤砷含量的4.08倍,为吉林市砷土壤背景值7.26倍;吉林市砷总体超标率12.9%。江北工业区、吉林大街和解放大路的单项污染指数分别为1.34、0.95、0.87,整体达到轻微污染水平。江北工业区和吉林大街、解放大路的变异系数相差不大,依次为0.13、0.11、0.17。土壤砷的污染累积指数为3.21,且由北向南递减,因此,砷污染主要来自于江北工业区的工业"三废"污染。     

Conventional, microwave, and ultrasound sequential extractions for the fractionation of metals in sediments within the Petrochemical Industry, Serbia

In this paper, the main objective was fractionation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, and K in certificate material and sediment samples gathered from and around the Petrochemical Industry using the conventional, microwave and ultrasonic sequential extraction. Microwave oven and ultrasound bath were used as an energy source for achieving faster extraction. Additional heating and boiling of samples were avoided by using lower power and shorter time for microwave and ultrasound extraction. Precision and accuracy of procedure were evaluated by using certificate material (BCR701). Acceptable accuracy of metals (87.0–111.3 %) was achieved for all three-step sequential of conventional extraction protocol. An accuracy of the fourth step has been verified with two certificate materials: BCR143R and 146R. The range of total extracted metal concentrations from sediments was similar for all three extraction techniques. A significant high percentage of Cd, Cu, and Zn were obtained after extraction of the exchangeable and acid soluble sediment fraction. Principal component analysis of values obtained after determination of risk assessment code using conventional and ultrasound sequential extraction show similarity of these values. Accuracy, recovery, and risk assessment code values imply that ultrasound sequential extraction is a more suitable, accelerated sequential extraction procedure (30 min per extraction step) than microwave extraction in applied conditions.     

宜兴市臭氧和挥发性有机物的浓度特征研究

于2016年对宜兴市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)和臭氧(O_3)的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,宜兴市O3年均值为62.92μg/m~3,其中冬季值最低(31.19μg/m~3),夏季值最高(94.96μg/m~3)。φ(VOCs)为(11.00~42.45)×10~(-9),其中丙酮(12.7%)、乙酸乙酯(8.8%)和丙烯(3.3%)等在VOCs中占比位于前3位。各站点φ(甲苯)/φ(苯)2,全年的φ(甲苯)/φ(苯)φ(乙苯)/φ(苯)φ(间、对二甲苯)/φ(苯)。指出VOCs主要来源为有机溶剂和道路交通,并受到一定的外来输送影响。各站点φ(VOCs)/φ(NOx)为0.94~2.44,O3处于VOCs敏感区。     

基于无机氮磷利用特征的小球藻优化培养技术

氮磷对小球藻的生长产生重要影响,基于氮磷优化培养条件的探讨具有理论和实际意义。在静置培养、通气培养和通气加碳源（葡萄糖）培养等条件下对小球藻的生长影响和氮磷消耗进行了试验,采用分批取样补料方式对培养过程进行了优化研究。结果表明,在未调节培养液pH值条件下,藻液的pH值在7~9变化,随培养时间呈略微下降的趋势。各培养条件下,小球藻对硝酸盐的吸收速率均表现出先快后慢的特征,对磷的吸收利用表现为总磷先快速被吸收利用,然后稳定在一定范围内波动。小球藻的生长在静置培养条件下主要受培养液中硝酸盐氮含量和培养液pH值的影响,通气培养条件下主要受培养液中硝酸盐氮含量的影响,通气外加碳源培养条件下主要受培养液中可溶解性总磷含量和硝酸盐氮含量双重影响。在通气外加碳源分批取样补料的藻类优化培养中,生长中期取样补料小球藻生长速率受影响较小,单位时间生物量最高,达3 565 mg/（L·d