投加沸石粉活性污泥搅拌参数优化及其对离子交换速率的影响研究

在0.3 m×0.3 m×0.36 m方形搅拌槽中初步探讨了不同的搅拌器类型、安装高度以及曝气强度对投加了沸石粉的高浓度活性污泥悬浮状态的影响,并根据固液悬浮理论确定了最佳的搅拌参数.同时,进行了不同搅拌速率下沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换动力学研究.结果表明在无曝气的情况下,选用三叶推进式搅拌器,搅拌器离底高度为1/3搅拌器直径时所需要的临界搅拌速率最低.曝气有助于反应池中污泥的悬浮,对于30 g/L的污泥,当曝气强度由10 m3/(m2·h)增大1倍时,临界搅拌速率降低了50%.搅拌速率为120 r/min时,沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换速率受膜扩散过程控制,当其增大为180 r/min时,其控制步骤为粒内扩散,沸石粉活性污泥达到完全均匀悬浮的临界搅拌速率不足以满足传质的要求.需增大一定程度.     

汾渭平原临汾市2019年春节期间大气污染特征与来源解析

近年来汾渭平原冬季雾-霾事件频发,节假日期间尤为明显,除燃煤和工业排放外,区域的地形和气候特征也是导致雾-霾的主要因素.2019年2月春节期间对汾渭平原临汾站点的空气质量进行观测.运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对PM_2.5中的13种元素(Li、Be、Ti、Rb、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Zr、V、Tl、U和Sn)进行分析测定,并结合站点的气象数据,运用聚类分析和后向轨迹等方法,分析了污染物的时空分布与潜在源区贡献.结果表明,观测期间SO₂的平均浓度为58.39μg·m^-3,超过了国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012) 24 h一级平均质量浓度限值(50μg·m-3),O₃、NO₂和CO的均值浓度分别为52.15μg·m^-3、29.02μg·m^-3和2.29 mg·m^-3.聚类分析结果表明,La、Ce、Ti、V、Li、Be、Rb、Y、U、Sc和Zr主要受地壳土壤源影响.气态污染物的空间分析结果表明...     

Combined ultrasound with Fenton treatment for the degradation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in textile dying sludge

To develop an effective method to remove the toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) from textile dyeing sludge, five CPAHs were selected to investigate the degradation efficiencies using ultrasound combined with Fenton process (US/Fenton). The results showed that the synergistic effect of the US/Fenton process on the degradation of CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge was significant with the synergy degree of 30.4. During the US/Fenton process, low ultrasonic density showed significant advantage in degrading the CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge. Key reaction parameters on CPAHs degradation were optimized by the central composite design as followed: H₂O₂ concentration of 152 mmol/L, ultrasonic density of 408 W/L, pH value of 3.7, the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to Fe²⁺ of 1.3 and reaction time of 43 min. Under the optimal conditions of the US/Fenton process, the degradation efficiencies of five CPAHs were obtained as 81.23% (benzo[a]pyrene) to 84.98% (benz[a]anthracene), and the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) concentrations of five CPAHs declined by 81.22–85.19%, which indicated the high potency of US/Fenton process for removing toxic CPAHs from textile dyeing sludge.     

上行过鱼设施过鱼效果监测研究进展

过鱼设施过鱼效果监测评估可为设计的优化、功能完善及运行管理提供参考依据。通过文献调研、区域性资料收集等方式对国内外上行过鱼设施监测研究与评价状况进行全面的梳理，总结了当前监测研究的技术指标、方法及发展状况。欧美国家在1960s至1980s启动了上行过鱼效果的系统监测评价工作。围绕鱼道有效性和过鱼效率两个指标，采用直接法和间接法进行相关监测研究。指标与方法因河流纬度、鱼类区系、设施类型以及国家（区域性）法律法规等方面的差异，呈现区域性特征和属地化发展。国内过鱼效果监测研究目前处于起步阶段，随着国内大批过鱼设施建设的完成，过鱼效果将成为关注的重点。国外成果可为国内的相关工作提供参考和借鉴，但需根据国内外河流鱼类区系，设施运行条件、工作积累等多方面的差异，制定适宜的监测评价目标与方案。     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

一种基于代表性样点的钉螺密度抽样调查设计方法

抽样设计是钉螺调查的关键环节，直接影响到统计推断的总体精度。目前湖沼型血吸虫病流行区钉螺调查常用的系统抽样设计方法存在样本量大、代表性不强、抽样效率不高等问题。通过对与钉螺空间分布上具有协同变化的环境因子进行模糊聚类分析，寻找可代表钉螺空间分布的代表性样点，提出一种基于代表性样点的抽样设计方法。将本研究设计的方法应用于鄱阳湖区恒湖农场茶叶港草洲的钉螺抽样设计研究，对采集的代表性样点进行误差分析，并将抽样结果与简单随机抽样和系统抽样方法进行精度比较。结果显示：本研究提出的“基于代表性样点的钉螺抽样设计方法（SORS）”明显优于简单随机抽样和系统抽样，抽样绝对误差分别为：0.440 7、1.551 4、3.565 3，相对误差分别为：1.048 1、3.689 7、8.479 6。本研究表明新方法能够获得比现有血防部门的钉螺调查方法更高的估算精度，可为优化湖沼型血吸虫病流行区钉螺调查方法提供借鉴。 关键词： 模糊聚类；抽样设计；代表性样点；钉螺     

放射性废液桶内干燥装置加热方式初步研究

针对放射性废液桶内干燥装置的研制,就装置的加热方式对目前加热结合桶内干燥装置的要求进行了对比筛选,初步选择微波和热风组合加热方式,在此基础上对微波和热风加热方式进行了试验验证。结果表明,虽然热风加热耗时太长,且微波加热存在盲区,但是两种加热方式干燥模拟废液的效果良好,能够相互补充,因此建议采用微波-热风组合加热方式进行深入研究。