Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

土壤和茶树对稀土元素的富集作用

稀土元素广泛应用于作物增产,但它对生态环境的影响却不甚了解,春茶萌芽时使用稀释300倍的稀土微肥南大2998茶素喷施叶面,分别于3、6、9、12个月时测定土壤和茶树中稀土元素的含量变化和累积情况。结果指出：施用稀土后短时间内,土壤和茶树中稀土元素的含量均比未施用稀土时有不同程度的增加,经过较长时间后,上层土壤中的稀土元素向下层土壤迁移,并在下层土壤中富集;而茶树的根、茎中稀土含量均表现为下降,叶中的含量呈不同变化趋势,即铈组稀土含量上升3.74mg/kg,钇组稀土含量下降0.91mg/kg,表明茶叶对铈组稀土有较强的富集作用。     

天然淡水表面微层中某些重金属富集现象研究

自制成玻璃板表面微层水采样器,采集厚度可达30至55μｍ,表面微层水中颗粒物采集率为45.3％±2.2％,性能合乎要求。应用于天津水上公园表面微层湖水,以AAS和ICP法测定其中铜、铁、锰、锌的含量,与相应采样点下层湖水相比,4种重金属在表面微层水中的富集倍数为2至88,富集显著,并与采样站位等有关。     

14C-生物碱在模拟水环境中暴露行为的研究

本文采用同位素示踪技术和室内模拟微生境研究了“C-盐酸脱廷胡索碱在好氧、厌氧水环境中的行为;对水、绿藻、溞及底泥中的残留量进行了分析:并用TLC分离出了水体及底泥中的转化产物,结果表明,该生物碱进入水环境后向底泥相转移是其主要迁移途径,最终在底泥上的残留量占85％以上,光及底泥微生物对该生物碱的转化起了一定作用。     

压缩空气下FRPC能源桩承载特性分析

可再生能源储存系统是利用钢筋混凝土桩基础来储存由太阳能板产生的可再生能源,可再生能源以压缩空气的形式储存在空心截面的桩基内,桩基础作为上部结构的承载结构,不仅要承受上部结构荷载,还要承受土体的反作用力和压缩空气的压力。然而,混凝土在拉应力作用下易产生裂缝,导致钢筋混凝土桩储存能源的使用性能和耐久性受限。为了克服传统钢筋混凝土能量桩的这些缺陷,针对各种FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer)-混凝土复合桩基础储能和承载的双功能进行研究。综合考虑结构荷载、土体的反作用和压缩空气热动力循环引起的内部空气压力的共同作用,对多种形式的复合能量桩基础体系的适用性进行了综合有限元分析。研究表明,内侧和外侧的FRP管可以有效提高使用性能和耐久性,相对于钢筋混凝土桩,FRPC管桩的使用可靠性和耐久性性能更高。     

The progress and challenges in sustainable forestry development in China

Forestry development in China has undergone a series of reforms over the past six decades. This article examines temporal changes in forest resources and policies, the current status of forestry, and future challenges toward sustainable forest management in China. Excessive logging in the 1950s to 1980s badly damaged the nation’s forests, but the adoption of enlightened forest policies in the late 1990s has led to increases in China’s total forest area and growing stock. Forest degradation was ecologically and economically costly, and rehabilitation processes have become increasingly more expensive. The low quality and young age of forest resources, loss of natural forests, and more difficulties in afforestation and reforestation pose severe challenges for China’s sustainable forestry. It is critically important for China to enhance forest productivity through intensive management, strengthen enforcement, and educational programs for protecting and restoring natural forests, narrow the gap between domestic timber supply and rapidly expanding consumption, improve coordinating networks for management, finance, and technology transfer, and accelerate efforts to clarify and stabilize tenure arrangements for non-state forests. China’s experience and lessons in forestry may be helpful for other developing countries that are seeking to achieve the goal of sustainable forest management.     

危化品储罐区多灾种耦合效应风险分析

基于危化品储罐区内发生的多米诺效应,以单灾种引发的多米诺事故研究为基础,根据物理学中的触发器原理解释多灾种耦合引发储罐区其他罐体失效的场景,并提出基于物理学理论的多灾种耦合效应模型;基于一储罐区实例分别建立在火灾、爆炸情况下罐区的灾害扩展网络图,并通过无量纲化处理得到综合灾害扩展网络图;分析储罐区在多储罐受灾情况下的灾害扩展情形,得到当D1,D2发生灾害时,D4,D5灾害扩展概率最大;当D1,D8发生灾害时,D4灾害扩展概率最大,建立了多灾种耦合效应的关联图。研究结果对化工园区多灾种耦合的后果预测评估具有指导意义,有助于减少危化品储罐区多米诺效应的发生以及强化危化品储存的安全基础。     

Effects of different soil pH and nitrogen fertilizers on Bidens pilosa L. Cd accumulation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Bidens pilosa L. was a Cd hyperaccumulator. This experiment determined the effects of different soil pH (adjusted by weak acid and alkali at 4.83,...     

对加强和改进高校德育教育工作的刍议——基于大学生道德修养状况调查结果的几点思考

本文通过对部分大学生道德修养状况调查资料的分析,说明当前大学生的道德修养状况整体上良好,但也存在一些问题,如在部分学生中出现了个人利己主义和享乐主义倾向,对于一些道德问题的看法,存在着认识上的误区。针对这些问题,本文初步探讨了如何加强和改进高校德育教育工作,包括坚持以人为本理念,增强德育教育工作主动性;着眼学生思想特点,增强德育教育工作针对性;抓好德育方法创新,增强德育教育工作科学性。     

The Forest‐Streamflow Relationship in China: A 40‐Year Retrospect1

Abstract: The relationship between forests and streamflows has long been an important research interest in China. The purpose of this paper is to summarize progress and lessons learned from the forest‐streamflow studies over the past four decades in China. To better measure the research gaps between China and other parts of the world, a brief global review on the findings from paired watershed studies over the past 100 years was also provided. In China, forest management shifted in the later 1990s from timber harvesting to forest restoration. Forest‐streamflow research was accordingly changed from assessing harvesting impacts to evaluating both harvesting and forestation effects. Over the past four decades, Chinese forest hydrology research has grown substantially. Significant progress has been made on measuring individual processes, but little solid, long‐term data were available to assess the relationship between forest changes and streamflows because of an absence of standard paired watersheds. In addition, misuse of statistical analyses was often found in the literature. A unique opportunity exists in China to study the forestation effects on streamflow as several large‐scale forestation programs are being implemented. Such an opportunity should include a robust paired watershed design under an integrated watershed ecosystem framework to avoid repeating the lessons already learned. Recommendations on future forest‐streamflow research directions in China are provided.