Improving decision quality: Making the case for adopting next‐generation site characterization practices

Better site characterization is critical for cheaper, faster, and more effective cleanup. This fact is especially true as cleanup decisions increasingly include site redevelopment and reuse considerations. However, established attitudes about what constitutes “data quality” create many barriers to exciting new tools capable of achieving better characterization, slowing their dissemination into the mainstream. Traditional approaches to environmental “data quality” rest on simplifying assumptions that are rarely acknowledged by the environmental community. Data quality assessments focus on the quality of the analysis, while seldom asking what impact matrix heterogeneity has had on analytical results. Assessments of data quality typically assume that chemical contaminants are distributed nearly homogeneously throughout environmental matrices and that contaminant‐matrix interactions are well behaved during analysis. Yet, these assumptions seldom hold true for real‐world matrices and contaminants at scales relevant to accurate risk assessment and efficient remedial design. For the site cleanup industry to continue technical advancement, over‐simplified paradigms must give way to next‐generation models that are built on current scientific understanding. If reuse programs such as Brownfields are to thrive, the scientific defensibility of individual projects must be maintained at the same time as characterization and cleanup costs are lowered. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers the Triad Approach as an alternative paradigm to foster highly defensible, yet extremely cost‐effective reuse decisions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

准好氧填埋早期渗滤液特征浅析

本文基于室内垃圾模拟柱试验，分析了准好氧填埋早期垃圾渗滤液的产生过程及垃圾降解的机理，得出了启动期内垃圾渗滤液产量的变化趋势，总结出准好氧结构的部分优点，并针对早期准好氧渗滤液产量的特点作了相应的讨论。     

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN FOREST STREAMS OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Seventy to eighty percent of the water flowing in rivers in the United States originates as precipitation in forests. This project developed a synoptic picture of the patterns in water chemistry for over 300 streams in small, forested watersheds across the United States. Nitrate (NO₃^?) concentrations averaged 0.31 mg N/L, with some streams averaging ten times this level. Nitrate concentrations tended to be higher in the northeastern United States in watersheds dominated by hardwood forests (especially hardwoods other than oaks) and in recently harvested watersheds. Concentrations of dissolved organic N (mean 0.32 mg N/L) were similar to those of NO₃～, whereas ammonium (NH₄⁺) concentrations were much lower (mean 0.05 mg N/L). Nitrate dominated the N loads of streams draining hardwood forests, whereas dissolved organic N dominated the streams in coniferous forests. Concentrations of inorganic phosphate were typically much lower (mean 12 mg P/L) than dissolved organic phosphate (mean 84 mg P/L). The frequencies of chemical concentrations in streams in small, forested watersheds showed more streams with higher NO₃^? concentrations than the streams used in national monitoring programs of larger, mostly forested watersheds. At a local scale, no trend in nitrate concentration with stream order or basin size was consistent across studies.     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

以四川某城市为例,对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了重金属的浸出特性实验,探讨了不同液固比、初始pH值及浸取剂对飞灰中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的浸出影响.结果表明,重金属的浸出率随着液固比的增加而增加;重金属在酸性条件下较易浸出,而在碱性条件下渗滤较少;不同的浸取剂对重金属的浸出也有一定影响.     

Excel在灰色关联分析中的应用

介绍了灰色关联分析的一般步骤,并对其中分辨率的取值和权重的计算作了初步分析.在此基础上,通过将灰色关联分析方法编写成Excel VBA程序,并应用于铜锣山隧道出口端隧道水的来源识别,不仅在较大程度上简化了计算,而且也取得了良好的预期成果.     

A Hydrologic/Water Quality Model Applicati11

Abstract: This paper presents a procedure for standard application of hydrologic/water quality models. To date, most hydrologic/water quality modeling projects and studies have not utilized formal protocols, but rather have employed ad hoc approaches. The procedure proposed is an adaptation and extension of steps identified from relevant literature including guidance provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This protocol provides guidance for establishing written plans prior to conducting modeling efforts. Eleven issues that should be addressed in model application plans were identified and discussed in the context of hydrologic/water quality studies. A graded approach for selection of the level of documentation for each item was suggested. The creation and use of environmental modeling plans is increasingly important as the results of modeling projects are used in decision‐making processes that have significant implications. Standard modeling application protocols similar to the proposed procedure herein provide modelers with a roadmap to be followed, reduces modelers’ bias, enhances the reproducibility of model application studies, and eventually improves acceptance of modeling outcomes.     

磷钼蓝分光光度法测定水中磷的改进

用硫酸亚铁铵和葡萄糖作为混合还原剂,建立了用分光光度法测定磷的方法,确定了最佳测定条件。在浓度为0.6mol/L的H2SO4介质中,硫酸亚铁铵-葡萄糖将磷钼杂多酸还原成杂多蓝,其最大吸收波长为820nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.38×104L/(mol·cm),PO3-4质量浓度在0～2.8mg/L范围内符合比耳定律,线性回归方程A=0.1453ρ 0.02744,相关系数(r)=0.9933。用硫酸亚铁铵-葡萄糖混合还原剂还原速度快,灵敏度高,产物稳定性好,线性范围宽。将该方法用于环境水样中磷的测定,结果令人满意。     

小流域生态经济的实践与探索

我国的小流域治理工作已经开展了几十年，在治理水土流失方面取得了一定的成效。如何巩固已取得的成绩，实现小流域的可持续发展引起了广泛关注。本文通过阐述生态经济的概念，指出小流域生态经济系统存在的问题，并结合小流域的特点探讨了在小流域建设生态经济的途径。     

Generating productive topsoil substitutes from hard rock overburden in the southern appalachians

Natural soils on steeply sloping landscapes in the Appalachian coal fields of Virginia. West Virginia. Kentucky, and Tennessee are often thin, rocky, acidic and infertile, making the topsoiling of surface mined sites impractical in many cases. Topsoil substitutes composed of blasted rock fragments are commonly used in this region. The proper selection and placement of designated topsoil substitutes is therefore critical to long term reclamation success. These mine soil surfaces are not in equilibrium and with the surface environment, and it is quite difficult to diferentiate among dissolution, adsorption, desorption and precipitation reactions as these surfaces weather with time. Severe compaction limits the productivity of many otherwise suitable topsoil substitutes. A minimum non-compacted thickness of 1 m is desirable to insure long run mine soil productivity for a variety of post-mining land uses. Significant changes in the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of mine soils occur within one year after placement. Mine soils high in silt content often form hard vesicular surface crusts, particularly when left unvegetated. The long term survival of plant communities on these mine soils is dependent upon mine soil organic matter accumulation and N and P cycling. Little is currently known about N and P dynamics in these mine soils, but P-fixation is a profound problem in high Fe^3- spoils. Revegetation practices that were designed to meet 2-year bond release requirements may not he sufficient to meet new 5-year release standards. Hard rock derived mine soils can often equal or exceed native topsoil in productivity and post mining land use potential.     

北京市CFCs和CCl_4的浓度水平与变化趋势

采用预浓缩-GC/MS方法对2009年4—8月北京市大气中CFC-11,CFC-12,CFC-113,CFC-114和CCl45种主要消耗臭氧层物质进行了监测.结果表明:观测期内北京市大气中φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值高于全球本底站观测值,而φ(CFC-113)和φ(CFC-114)与全球本底水平相当,其原因是这5种物质在我国的排放水平差异所致,其中CFC-11,CFC-12和CCl4仍存在一定量的排放.不同季节的日变化分析表明,4月5种物质的体积分数日变化趋势平缓,而8月观测日内基本呈现出夜间物质的体积分数高于白天的特征.8月φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值比4月高,这可能是由于8月的温度较高,致使这3种物质现有排放源的排放量增加.