Generating productive topsoil substitutes from hard rock overburden in the southern appalachians

Natural soils on steeply sloping landscapes in the Appalachian coal fields of Virginia. West Virginia. Kentucky, and Tennessee are often thin, rocky, acidic and infertile, making the topsoiling of surface mined sites impractical in many cases. Topsoil substitutes composed of blasted rock fragments are commonly used in this region. The proper selection and placement of designated topsoil substitutes is therefore critical to long term reclamation success. These mine soil surfaces are not in equilibrium and with the surface environment, and it is quite difficult to diferentiate among dissolution, adsorption, desorption and precipitation reactions as these surfaces weather with time. Severe compaction limits the productivity of many otherwise suitable topsoil substitutes. A minimum non-compacted thickness of 1 m is desirable to insure long run mine soil productivity for a variety of post-mining land uses. Significant changes in the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of mine soils occur within one year after placement. Mine soils high in silt content often form hard vesicular surface crusts, particularly when left unvegetated. The long term survival of plant communities on these mine soils is dependent upon mine soil organic matter accumulation and N and P cycling. Little is currently known about N and P dynamics in these mine soils, but P-fixation is a profound problem in high Fe^3- spoils. Revegetation practices that were designed to meet 2-year bond release requirements may not he sufficient to meet new 5-year release standards. Hard rock derived mine soils can often equal or exceed native topsoil in productivity and post mining land use potential.     

北京市CFCs和CCl_4的浓度水平与变化趋势

采用预浓缩-GC/MS方法对2009年4—8月北京市大气中CFC-11,CFC-12,CFC-113,CFC-114和CCl45种主要消耗臭氧层物质进行了监测.结果表明:观测期内北京市大气中φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值高于全球本底站观测值,而φ(CFC-113)和φ(CFC-114)与全球本底水平相当,其原因是这5种物质在我国的排放水平差异所致,其中CFC-11,CFC-12和CCl4仍存在一定量的排放.不同季节的日变化分析表明,4月5种物质的体积分数日变化趋势平缓,而8月观测日内基本呈现出夜间物质的体积分数高于白天的特征.8月φ(CFC-11),φ(CFC-12)和φ(CCl4)的平均值比4月高,这可能是由于8月的温度较高,致使这3种物质现有排放源的排放量增加.     

Effect of bio-column composed of aged refuse on methane abatement – A novel configuration of biological oxidation in refuse landfill

An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.     

直流电絮凝法处理印染废水研究

针对印染废水直接生化处理难的问题,试验采用直流电絮凝处理工艺,研究了某印染厂废水电絮凝过程中pH值、温度、极板电压、COD和色度随电解时间的变化,并对电解前后废水中有机成分进行分析。结果表明,直流电解过程中废水pH值和温度不断升高;电流强度不变的条件下极板电压下降。GC-MS图谱分析表明直流电解可以有效氧化分解废水中的有机污染物;经25min处理后COD和色度去除率分别达到75.45%和84.62%以上,出水水质可以满足纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准(GB4287-92)中的I级水质要求。     

河水-地下水交互带内砷及金属的自然衰减过程

在简单介绍污染物自然衰减作用定义的基础上,重点分析了河水-地下水交互带内As和以矿山废水为来源的金属污染物的自然衰减行为:主要包括吸附作用,氧化还原作用,生物转化作用等。其中详细介绍了金属Fe、Al的氢氧化物/氧化物对As化合物和其他金属如Cd、Cu和Zn等的吸附作用;Ca2+、Fe2+、磷酸盐、重碳酸盐等阴阳离子和天然有机质对吸附作用的影响;金属微生物氧化还原作用以及微生物作用下As(V)与As(III)的相互转化过程。研究发现,阳离子可以增强金属的吸附作用,阴离子主要是参与竞争吸附;天然有机质对金属吸附过程的抑制作用阻碍金属的固定;交互带内氧化还原条件的变化可以引起一系列的氧化还原反应;微生物催化还原不利于As的自然衰减。最后指出目前河水-地下水交互带内金属污染物衰减过程研究存在的问题以及今后的发展方向。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解氯苯胺类污染物的试验研究

以氯苯胺类混合物为唯一碳源和氮源、活性污泥为接种污泥,在SBR反应器中成功培养出能高效降解氯苯胺类物质的好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为321μm,SVI值为46mL/g,MLVSS为2700mg/L。当进水中氯苯胺总浓度为400mg/L,成熟好氧颗粒污泥对间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺和邻氯苯胺的去除率分别趋于100%、100%和85%,TOC去除率达80%以上,出水中Cl-浓度达126.9mg/L,Cl脱除率为89%,表明该体系对氯苯胺类混合物具有较高降解性能和矿化率。不同阶段序批实验结果表明,污泥颗粒化后氯苯胺的降解速率、降解效率及矿化率均明显提高。不同混合体系的降解模式表明,好氧颗粒污泥体系对氯苯胺类物质降解先后顺序为间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺、邻氯苯胺。PCR-DGGE指纹图表明,对氯苯胺类物质具有高降解性能的好氧颗粒污泥体系具有丰富、稳定的微生物种群结构。     

沙土中有机挥发物及无机物的测定研究

采用吹扫捕集-气质联用、顶空进样-气质联用、X射线荧光光谱法和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法4种方法测定沙土中所含有的挥发性有机物以及无机物,检测出沙土中含有2-乙基己醇等5种有机挥发物和砷一种有害的无机物,对比了4种分析方法的效果。     

重庆市大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子组分的研究

为研究重庆市可吸入颗粒物中水溶性离子组分的特征,于2006年4月和11月在重庆市主城9区和缙云山对照点采集环境中PM10样品,用离子色谱法测定9种离子组分。分析结果发现,阴离子中含量较高的分别是SO42-和NO3-占了阴离子含量的95%以上;而NH4+和Ca2+则占到阳离子含量的80%。主城各区大气中水溶性离子组分的含量明显高于对照点,且大渡口区、南岸区、九龙坡区、北碚区和渝中区的污染较为严重。在相关性分析中,NH4+与NO3-和SO42-相关性较好,Ca2+与Mg2+也体现出良好的相关性。与国内外城市相比重庆市大气PM10中,NO3-、SO42-和NH4+的浓度相对偏高,Na+和Cl-的浓度较低。     

高效硫酸盐还原菌的分离及特性研究

采用叠皿夹层法,从糖蜜酒精废水厌氧反应器的污泥中分离出一株硫酸盐还原菌,命名为SRB-22。该菌株的菌体形态呈杆状和弧状,革兰氏染色阴性,属于兼性厌氧菌,初步确定为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)。在不含Fe2+的培养基中,菌株4h后进入对数生长期,32h达到生长最高峰。探讨了SO42-初始浓度、COD/SO42-比值、Fe2+初始浓度对SRB-22硫酸盐去除率的影响,结果表明:在一定浓度范围内,SO42-初始浓度越大,菌株完全去除SO42-所需时间也越长,当SO42-浓度大于6g/L时,菌株对SO42-的去除率明显降低;随着COD/SO42-比值的增加,SO42-的去除率呈上升的趋势,COD/SO42-值达到2.4时,培养5d后即可较好地还原SO42-;在一定浓度范围内,随Fe2+初始浓度的增大,SO42-的去除率增加。当Fe2+浓度达到1.0g/L以上,SO42-的去除率迅速下降。     

三种典型的污泥发电工艺

污泥发电是城市污水处理厂进行污泥合理开发利用的技术措施之一,是污泥实行减量化、稳定化、无害化、资源化的良好方法,本文介绍了3种典型的污泥发电工艺：污泥焚烧发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、通过燃气轮机组发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、进而通过改质制造氢气,经燃料电池发电。对污泥合理利用的规范化、科学化有一定的借鉴意义。