北京城区屋面径流中PAHs的初期冲刷效应

为研究北京城区典型屋面径流中PAHs的污染特征,采集并分析了3种材料屋面的径流中颗粒相和溶解相PAHs的浓度.在分析屋面径流中PAHs初期冲刷效应的基础上,提出了描述初期冲刷的定量参数FFn-Max,据此探讨了降雨特征对屋面径流中PAHs初期冲刷效应的影响.结果表明,屋面径流中总PAHs和颗粒相PAHs均存在明显的初期...     

CaO_2对控制河道底泥磷释放效果的研究

在实验室模拟条件下,投加CaO2对受污染河道底泥进行原位修复,并通过底泥磷形态的变化进行具体分析,结果表明:将CaO2散点注射到底泥表层的修复效果最好,时效性最持久。同时,分析水体的ORP、DO等指标,结合底泥的磷形态和Fe3+/Fe2+比值的变化,说明CaO2的缓慢释氧可持续为微生物新陈代谢提供氧气,可作为微生物激活剂用来修复受污染的河道底泥。     

我国工业园区环境管理问题及管控方法的研究进展

我国工业园区的发展道路上充满了对环境破坏和资源滥用的争议,工业背景下的污染事件层出不穷,如何做到经济与环保统筹兼顾迫在眉睫。本文整理了我国工业园环境管理主要存在的几大问题——规划布局问题、环境管理问题、环境污染问题、预警监测问题及公众环保意识问题并从模式创新和科技支撑两个角度介绍了目前主流的工业园环境管控对策。最后在此基础上对未来园区的发展方向进行展望,以期为后续有关工业园环境风险管控的研究提供参考。     

Inhalation of concentrated ambient particulate matter near a heavily trafficked road stimulates antigen-induced airway responses in mice

The goal of this study was to test the following hypotheses: (1) exposure to mobile emissions from mobile sources close to a heavily trafficked roadway will exacerbate airway inflammation and allergic airway responses in a sensitized mouse model, and (2) the magnitude of allergic airway disease responses will decrease with increasing distance from the roadway. A particle concentrator and a mobile exposure facility were used to expose ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice to purified air and concentrated fine and concentrated ultrafine ambient particles at 50 m and 150 m downwind from a roadway that was heavily impacted by emissions from heavy duty diesel-powered vehicles. After exposure, we assessed interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, OVA-specific immunoglobulin G1, and eosinophil influx as biomarkers of allergic responses and numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a marker of inflammation. The study was performed over a two-year period, and there were differences in the concentrations and compositions of ambient particulate matter across those years that could have influenced our results. However, averaged over the two-year period, exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) increased the biomarkers associated with airway allergies (IL-5, immunoglobulin E, immunoglobulin G1 and eosinophils). In addition, mice exposed to CAPs 50 m downwind of the roadway had, on the average, greater allergic responses and showed greater indications of inflammation than did mice exposed to CAPs 150 m downwind. This study is consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to CAPs close to a heavily trafficked roadway influenced allergic airway responses.     

基于大面积网格法的商场疏散时间预测

为了准确预测商场人员疏散时间,文中结合群集流动规律及离散法建立新的大面积网格算法,将时间离散为微小单元Δt,空间离散为大面积网格,利用人员流动速度—密度公式,计算每一Δt时间内网格中人员流动速度,迭代累计各单元时间得到疏散时间。以某商场人员疏散演练为例进行分析,结果表明,大面积网格算法预测的人员疏散时间与实际疏散演习时间基本吻合,其相对误差为3.4%,预测精确度较高。     

半干旱区湿地地下水埋深对芦苇SPAC系统水分运移耗散的影响

准确把握土壤-植被-大气系统（简称"SPAC"）中水分的运输和耗散规律是区域水资源可持续管理的重要前提。以白洋淀湿地为研究区,结合现场实测和模型模拟方法,探讨台田地下水埋深变化对芦苇SPAC系统中的水分运移耗散影响。结果表明:1）随着地下水埋深的增加,芦苇蒸散发（ET_a）开始下降,ET_a下降的地下水埋深阈值在100 cm左右;随着地下水埋深的降低,生长季0~120 cm土壤剖面由水分亏损转为盈余,亏盈转换的地下水埋深阈值在60 cm左右,并且亏损量与地下水埋深呈正相关。2）相同的地下水埋深变化对不同月的土壤水分储量、蒸散发的影响程度均存在差异,其中6月影响程度最高。在对白洋淀进行生态补水时,应避免在汛期前的春季进行大量的生态补水,可以优先考虑在生长末期的秋冬季来进行生态补水。3）综合考虑植被生长需求和生态节水,白洋淀芦苇最优的地下水埋深区间在110~150 cm,此时生长季内芦苇蒸散发具有10%~20%的节水潜力。     

雾霾污染的空间外溢与治理政策的检验分析

以2006~2016年城市层面数据为样本,结合空间扩散效应深入探究雾霾污染的影响机理,并对已出台治霾政策的治理效果和传导机制进行识别.研究发现：考察期内我国雾霾污染具有一定时滞性、空间相关性和时空“警示作用”;以往环境规制由于诱发污染产业地区间就近转移对减霾贡献并未达到预期效果.“大气十条”的治霾效果明显,到2016年该政策的实施使重点关注的三大经济带PM_2.5显著降低约7.1%,其中,中部和东部区域政策实施城市治理效果最为显著;政策实施以来各地区环保部门通过对重污染企业的限产整治取得了降霾的短期治理效果,但对重污染企业的创新激励传导作用并不显著.因此,未来雾霾治理政策更需注重如何通过激发企业绿色技术创新从而建立根治雾霾污染的长效机制.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.     

Observations of N2O5 and NO3 at a suburban environment in Yangtze river delta in China: Estimating heterogeneous N2O5 uptake coefficients

The nitrate radical (NO₃) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) play an important role in the nocturnal atmosphere chemistry. Observations of NO₃ radicals and N₂O₅ were performed in a semirural ground site at Tai'Zhou in polluted southern China using cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) from 23 May to 15 June 2018. The observed NO₃ and N₂O₅ concentrations were relatively low, with 1 min average value of 4.4 ± 2.2 and 26.0 ± 35.7 pptV, respectively. The N₂O₅ uptake coefficient was determined to be from 0.027 to 0.107 based on steady state lifetime method. Fast N₂O₅ hydrolysis was the largest contributor to the loss of NO₃ and contributed to substantial nitrate formation, with an average value of 14.83 ± 6.01 µg/m³. Further analysis shows that the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions dominated the nocturnal NO_x loss and the nocturnal NO_x loss rate is 0.14 ± 0.02 over this region.     

强化电化学阳极去除二氯甲烷行为的探究

采用N117型杜邦质子交换膜为隔离材料制作双室电化学反应器以强化阳极氧化反应,利用Ti基电极在阳极反应室内对二氯甲烷进行电化学氧化处理。研究表明:Ti电极对DCM有优于TiO2电极和IrO2-RuO2/Ti电极的氧化活性;双室反应器中电化学氧化去除二氯甲烷反应符合一级反应动力学方程;基于节能高效原则,选取最优参数为:槽电压30 V、25 mmol/L K2SO4、反应温度为25℃、初始pH为7,在240 min时DCM(10 mg/L)去除率为93.8%,TOC的去除率为55.1%。