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221.
Dean O. Cliver 《Food and environmental virology》2009,1(1):3-9
Viruses are often transmitted via food and the environment. Contamination may be controlled either by preventing its occurrence
or by inactivating the contaminating virus. The majority of agents transmitted in this way are human enteric viruses, produced
either in the intestines or the liver. They are shed in human feces (noroviruses also in vomitus) in a broad range of circumstances,
and they are relatively stable outside the host. Non-enteric viruses are less often transmitted via foods and are generally
less environmentally stable. Insofar as vaccines are available, they are able to prevent fecal shedding. Viruses shed in feces
via the water-carriage toilet may be eliminated by proper treatment and disinfection of the wastewater. In the foods context,
the most effective antiviral measures are cooking and hand washing. Detection methods are most useful after the fact, in investigating
outbreaks and devising preventive measures. 相似文献
222.
Problem
As the evidence-based movement has advanced in public health, changes in public health practices have lagged far behind creating a science to service gap. For example, science has produced effective falls prevention interventions for older adults. It now is clearer WHAT needs to be done to reduce injury and death related to falls. However, issues have arisen regarding HOW to assure the full and effective uses of evidence-based programs in practice.Summary
Lessons learned from the science and practice of implementation provide guidance for how to change practices by developing new competencies, how to change organizations to support evidence-based practices, and how to change public health systems to align system functions with desired practices. The combination of practice, organization, and system change likely will produce the public health benefits that are the promise of evidence-based falls prevention interventions.Impact on public health
For the past several decades, the emphasis has been solely on evidence-based interventions. Public health will benefit from giving equal emphasis to evidence-based implementation.Impact on Industry
We now have over two decades of research on the effectiveness of fall prevention interventions. The quality of this research is judged by a number of credible international organizations, including the Cochrane Collaboration (http://www.cochrane.org/), the American and British Geriatrics Societies, and the Campbell Collaboration (http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/). These international bodies were formed to ponder and answer questions related to the quality and relevance of research. These developments are a good first step. However, while knowing WHAT to do (an evidence-based intervention) is critical, we also need to know HOW to effectively implement the evidence. Implementation, organization change, and system change methods produce the conditions that allow and support the full and effective use of evidence-based interventions. It is time to focus on utilization of implementation knowledge in public health. Without this focus the vast amount on new evidence being generated on the prevention of falls and related injuries among older adults will have little impact on their health and safety. 相似文献223.
Daniel L. Keller Brian G. Laub Paul Birdsey David J. Dean 《Environmental management》2014,54(3):465-478
Tamarisk removal is a widespread restoration practice on rivers in the southwestern USA, but impacts of removal on fish habitat have rarely been investigated. We examined whether tamarisk removal, in combination with a large spring flood, had the potential to improve fish habitat on the San Rafael River in southeastern Utah. We quantified habitat complexity and the distribution of wood accumulation in a tamarisk removal site (treated) and a non-removal site (untreated) in 2010, 1 year prior to a large magnitude and long-duration spring flood. We used aerial imagery to analyze river changes in the treated and untreated sites. Areas of channel movement were significantly larger in the treated site compared to the untreated site, primarily because of geomorphic characteristics of the channel, including higher sinuosity and the presence of an ephemeral tributary. However, results suggest that tamarisk removal on the outside of meander bends, where it grows directly on the channel margins, can promote increased channel movement. Prior to the flood, wood accumulations were concentrated in sections of channel where tamarisk had been removed. Pools, riffles, and backwaters occurred more frequently within 30 m upstream and downstream of wood accumulations compared to areas within 30 m of random points. Pools associated with wood accumulations were also significantly larger and deeper than those associated with random points. These results suggest that the combination of tamarisk removal and wood input can increase the potential for channel movement during spring floods thereby diversifying river habitat and improving conditions for native fish. 相似文献
224.
Estimation of daily intake of potentially toxic elements from urban street dust and the role of oral bioaccessibility testing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The pseudo-total and oral bioaccessible concentration of six potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban street dust was investigated. Typical pseudo-total concentrations across the sampling sites ranged from 4.4 to 8.6 mg kg−1 for As, 0.2-3.6 mg kg−1 for Cd, 25-217 mg kg−1 for Cu, 14-46 mg kg−1 for Ni, 70-4261 mg kg−1 for Pb, and, 111-652 mg kg−1 for Zn. This data compared favourably with other urban street dust samples collected and analysed in a variety of cities globally; the exception was the high level of Pb determined in a specific sample in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in street dust is also assessed using in vitro gastrointestinal extraction (Unified Bioaccessibility Method, UBM). Based on a worst case scenario the oral bioaccessibility data estimated that Cd and Zn had the highest % bioaccessible fractions (median >45%) while the other PTEs i.e. As, Cu, Ni and Pb had lower % bioaccessible fractions (median <35%). The pseudo-total and bioaccessible concentrations of PTEs in the samples has been compared to estimated tolerable daily intake values based on unintentional soil/dust consumption. Cadmium, Cu and Ni are well within the oral tolerable daily intake rates. With respect to As and Pb, only the latter exceeds the TDIoral if we model ingestion rate based on atmospheric ‘dustiness’ rather than the US EPA (2008) unintentional soil/dust consumption rate of 100 mg d−1. We consider it unlikely that even a child with pica tendencies would ingest as much as 100 mg soil/dust during a daily visit to the city centre, and in particular to the sites with elevated Pb concentrations observed in this study. 相似文献
225.
Xu Xiang Gu Dean Xu Bing Yang Chenli Wang Ling 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(24):35934-35943
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease and it is difficult to have an effective and simple method for AD early... 相似文献