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71.
This paper argues that the environmental changes witnessed in the past decade call for a new approach to environmental management; an approach based not on the principle of the assimilative capacity of the environment but on the precautionary principle, and the emerging preventive environmental paradigm. Uncertainties in scientific knowledge and complexities in ecological systems have presented specific failures of the assimilative capacity methodology. It is argued that these failures are not circumstantial in nature, nor are they the result of misapplication of science by scientists. Rather, they represent inherent problems in the use of the assimilative capacity concept in environmental management. The emergence of the precautionary principle is discussed and a formulation of the principle is presented. In conjunction with the operational approach of clean production, we believe that this principle offers a sounder basis for the prevention of marine pollution in the next decade. 相似文献
72.
The North American population of canvasback ducks (Aythya valisineria) exhibits extreme distortion of the sex ratio in favor of males. This paper describes a model which accounts for this pattern by relatively heavier female mortality in both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. The density-dependence of winter mortality leads to the conclusion that the observed sex ratio depresses total population numbers. Variation in nesting success is shown to influence sex ratios and strongly depress population numbers. Because a standard harvest scheme can be demonstrated to severely depress the numbers of ducks, an alternative graduated or weighted harvest procedure is recommended. 相似文献
73.
Genetic analysis of sexual reproduction in the dendrophylliid coral Balanophyllia elegans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ahermatypic scleractinian Balanophyllia elegans has served as a model of limited larval dispersal in an aclonal species. However, other species from the same family (Dendrophylliidae) produce larvae asexually, and closely connected polyps of B. elegans, potentially the result of asexual reproduction, are commonly observed in the field. Here, we use a combination of laboratory experiments, controlled crosses, and genetic surveys of field-collected individuals to demonstrate (1) marker allozymes are inherited in accordance with Mendel's laws, (2) polyps that are connected in the field are not genetically identical, and (3) laboratory manipulation of a single polyp can produce a second polyp on the aboral side of the original, but not adjacent to the original. In combination, these results suggest that the larvae of B. elegans result from mictic sexual reproduction, and that connected polyps result not from asexual budding but rather from the fusion of genetically distinct individuals. 相似文献
74.
Computer simulations were used to explore how wolves could regulate moose populations in the presence or absence of hunting. In the model, vulnerability to predation varied with the age of the moose, and the numbers of animals killed per age-class were computed using the Nicholson-Bailey model. Vulnerability to hunting varied with sex and age of moose. Three possibilities were investigated: (a) when reproduction of both predator and prey were held constant; (b) when reproduction of wolves was directly related to winter survival; and (c) as for b, with the addition that wolves have access to garbage dumps in winter. The last set of hypotheses proved to be sufficient for the predator to regulate its prey. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
Dietary characterization of the hominoid Khoratpithecus (Miocene of Thailand): evidence from dental topographic and microwear texture analyses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The genus Khoratpithecus, a hominoid thought to be related to the orangutan lineage, is represented by two known fossil species K. chiangmuanensis and K. piriyai. Both were discovered in Southeast Asia (Thailand) and are dated to the Middle and Late Miocene, respectively. In this study, dental topographic and microwear texture analyses were used to examine molars from both of these species, with the goal of understanding their dietary preferences. Although sample sizes are small for Khoratpithecus, available data are compared to that collected for extant apes. Environmental evidence, such as botanical remains and sedimentological data, is also considered for comparisons with dietary reconstruction. Results from dental topographic analysis suggest that the two fossil species were better adapted to a diet of fruits than to one of leaves, much like the living orangutan or chimpanzee. Results from microwear texture analysis further support this, suggesting that Khoratpithecus preferred soft fruits to hard fruits or seeds. And finally, the botanical and sedimentological evidence point to environments for Khoratpithecus that would have been compatible with a fruit-eating species. Given the small sample sizes available for analysis, however, definitive judgments are not yet possible at this time. 相似文献
78.
Sofie Joosse Taylor Brydges 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(5):686-700
The rise of social media radically broadens the sources and platforms used for environmental communication. Especially personal green blogs are worthy of study as they are spaces of everyday cultural politics through which people make sense of sustainability issues, and because they entail a radical break from conventional media in terms of legitimacy, form, and content of environmental communication processes. This paper studies the representation of sustainability on personal green blogs, and the communication processes through which these representations are constructed. It does so through a qualitative study of Swedish-language blogs. We study three blogs in-depth: a living experiment blog on sustainable food practices; a lifestyle blog centered around green family life; and a blog about consuming green beauty products. The analysis shows that all three blogs translate the complex landscape of sustainability to individual everyday practices. Yet, what these sustainability practices entail differs considerably between the blogs, ranging from a-political and doable lifestyle choices to an onset to radical redefining of consumption. Also, the communication processes on the blogs differ in quality and quantity. The paper uses these insights to reflect on the debates about how environmental communication is shaped by blogging and social media practices. 相似文献
79.
I. D. Tuck A. C. Taylor R. J. A. Atkinson M. E. Gramitto C. Smith 《Marine Biology》1997,129(3):505-511
Changes in the biochemical composition of the ovary of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) were examined throughout maturation at stations with fast and slow growing individuals in Scottish waters and in the
Mediterranean. Ovary index (ovary wt:total body wt) increased significantly with maturation. Lipid, protein and water content
of the ovary increased with maturation, while carbohydrate content decreased. Similar changes were also identified in the
hepatopancreas. Significant spatial differences in ovary and hepatopancreas composition were identified, which may be related
to whole-body growth rate. The ovary maturation scale commonly used for N. norvegicus was shown to reflect biochemically distinct stages in ovary development.
Received: 7 February 1997 / Accepted: 25 February 1997 相似文献
80.
Irena Rot-Nikcevic Christopher N. Taylor Richard J. Wassersug 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):116-25
Tadpoles can alter their behavior, morphology, and life history in response to habitat change. Although chemical signals from
conspecifics or predators play an important role in tadpole habitat assessment, little is known about the role of visual cues
and the extent to which tadpoles rely on their vision for intraspecific social assessment. The aim of our experiments was
to determine whether larval anurans use visual images of other tadpoles as indicators of density and to analyze how, and to
what extent, images of conspecifics alone affect tadpole development, growth, and behavior. To assess this, we raised both
Rana sylvatica and Bufo americanus tadpoles in aquaria with either quarter- or half-mirrored walls. Both physically increased density and increased density
simulated with mirrors decreased tadpole growth and developmental rates, and increased activity in Rana tadpoles. Bufo tadpoles did not significantly alter their growth and development in response to visually increased density. Only true, i.e.,
physically, increased density had an effect on growth and activity in Bufo tadpoles. Our data show that images of conspecifics are used as visual cues by Rana tadpoles and can induce phenotypically plastic changes in several traits. This response to visual cues is taxon-specific.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献