中国废电器回收处理管理现状及对策研究

中国对废电器的管理起步相对较晚,在管理过程中仍然存在问题和不足,国内外的形势迫切要求中国要不断完善废电器回收处理管理体系,提升废电器回收率,构建多元化、网络化的回收处理管理模式.通过对比和分析国内外废电器的管理措施,结合中国废电器回收处理基金制度取得的主要成效和问题,从法律法规、生产商管理、信息化结合、环保宣传四个方面提出对策和建议.     

150t/d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉的工艺结构与污染排放

垃圾焚烧处理技术在我国的应用越来越广泛 ,单纯引进国外的垃圾焚烧处理技术已经无法满足我国经济发展的需要。清华大学自主开发研制的 15 0t/d循环流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉已经通过专家鉴定 ,各项焚烧污染物排放指标均达到或优于国家标准 ,总体水平居国内领先水平。本文详细介绍了该焚烧炉的系统及结构 ,并对有关控制污染物排放的技术手段进行了详细分析     

面向可持续发展的海岸带综合管理研究

本文以可持续发展为目标，从海岸带综合管理问题入手，进一步分析了海岸带系统的可持续性，阐述了海岸带综合管理的方法论，提出了海岸带综合管理的内涵、原则、任务与技术方法。     

大学生地震灾害风险认知调查

风险认知是人们对影响日常生活和工作的各种因素的心理感受和认识,是测量公众心理恐慌的指标。开展风险认知社会调查,研究大学生对灾害风险的认知特征及其主要影响因素,不仅有利于强化大学生的地震灾害意识,而且还能为政府的综合防灾减灾规划和地震灾害管理提供决策依据。选择桂林市5所不同类型的高校进行问卷调查,通过统计分析675份有效...     

A review of diversity-stability relationship of soil microbial community: What do we not know?

The impact of decreased biodiversity on ecosystem stability, or the diversity-stability (D-S) relationship, is one of the major concerns of modern ecological studies. Studies on the D-S relationship for soil microbial communities began in 2000 when the fumigation method was developed to generate different levels of soil microbial biodiversity. The studies used various measures and levels of biodiversity, and covered several functional parameters. Due to the lack of general concepts and reliable approaches to define microbial species, studies on the D-S relationship of soil microbial communities concentrate on genetic diversity and functional diversity more than species diversity. Contradictory results were observed in various studies on D-S relationship with possible factors affecting or even changing the directions of the D-S relationship including: (1) the methods of stability measurement, (2) the techniques in microbial diversity measurement, (3) the measures and levels of diversity, (4) the type and strength of disturbance, (5) the traits of functions, and (6) the hidden treatments stemming from diversity manipulation. We argue that future studies should take diversity, species composition and interaction, and soil environmental conditions holistically into account in D-S studies to develop modeling to predict soil functional stability. We also suggest that studies should be carried out on a wider range of disturbance types and functional parameters, and efforts be shifted towards long-term field studies.     

食品垃圾好氧降解过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了混合食品垃圾(FW)及以橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿为代表的4种植物性易降解有机垃圾组分好氧降解过程中排放出来的117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量和组成特征.结果表明,混合食品垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs总排放量为951.80mg·kg-1,主要为有机硫、含氧化合物和萜烯,分别占VOCs总排放量的43.1%、53.3%和2.1%.橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs的总排放量分别为12736.72、118.67、57.40和228.08mg·kg-1,主要成分均为含氧化合物和萜烯;含氧化合物分别占橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的13.5%、80.9%、85.9%和79.5%,萜烯分别占4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的86.5%、16.6%、8.2%和15.6%.     

锰电解行业铬钝化剂回收利用技术研究

以某电解锰工艺末端铬钝化废水为研究对象,采用氧化、除杂、反应制得成品,污水达标处理及回用的组合工艺,制备达到国家标准的中铬黄产品,以实现铬的回收利用。结果表明:对于H2O2氧化工艺,选用V(水样)/V(30%H2O2)为(600～1000):1;可采取加碱沉淀Mn的工艺去除杂质金属离子;铬酸铅的生成反应适宜温度为55～60℃,硝酸铅投加量为理论值的1.05倍～1.10倍;采取加石灰调pH、投加硫酸铝的方法可去除水样中剩余铅离子,V(上清液)/V(5%硫酸铝溶液)为1000～2000较合适;生产该产品基本上能够做到保本、微利,但具有显著的环境效益和社会效益。     

太原市采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征

本研究对太原市采暖期PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平、组成特征、健康风险以及来源进行了分析。结果表明,太原市采暖期PM2.5的日均浓度水平为70.7~274.2μg/m3,90%的样品超过了我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中PM2.5的二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。PM2.5中16种PAHs的浓度水平为282.7~1 398.6ng/m3,平均值为915.7ng/m3。荧蒽(Fla)是浓度最高的单体,占PAHs总浓度的20.4%,其次是芘(Pry)和菲(Phe),分别占14.5%和13.2%。不同环数的PAHs质量浓度为4环5~6环2~3环。以苯并(a)芘(Bap)为参照对象的昼夜毒性当量浓度Bapeq分别为75.5和100.0ng/m3,高于我国和WHO对Bap的规定值(分别为2.5和1ng/m3),对人体健康存在潜在危害。根据PAHs环数分布及特征比值法判断PAHs的主要来源是煤燃烧,同时也存在一定的生物质燃烧和少部分石油燃烧。     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

太湖入湖河流总氮与氨氮相关性特征分析研究

针对河流缺少总氮环境质量标准的问题,以太湖流域入湖河流历年多组实测监测数据为基础,选择总氮与氨氮两项指标,开展太湖入湖河流总氮与氨氮相关性研究,总结数据的潜在规律,为有效控制氮排放提供技术支撑.结果表明:氨氮和总氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性.不同水质类别河流中氨氮和总氮关系呈现不同特征,对于Ⅴ类和劣于Ⅴ类等污染较重水体,水体中氨氮形态存在的氮化合物占比较高;对于水质类别较好的水体,氮化合物以其它形态为主.太湖入湖河流以氨氮形态存在的氮化合物总体较高,太湖入湖河流新旧污染同时存在现象较明显.