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31.
The coexistence of closely related plant parasites is widespread. Yet, understanding the ecological determinants of evolutionary divergence in plant parasites remains an issue. Niche differentiation through resource specialization has been widely researched, but it hardly explains the coexistence of parasites exploiting the same host plant. Time-partitioning has so far received less attention, although in temperate climates, parasites may specialize on either the early or the late season. Accordingly, we investigated whether seasonality can also promote phenotypic divergence. For plant parasites, seasonality generally engenders periodic host absence. To account for abrupt seasonal events, we made use of an epidemic model that combines continuous and discrete dynamics. Based on the assumption of a trade-off between in-season transmission and inter-season survival, we found through an "evolutionary invasion analysis" that evolutionary divergence of the parasite phenotype can occur. Since such a trade-off has been reported, this study provides further ecological bases for the coexistence of closely related plant parasites. Moreover, this study provides original insights into the coexistence of sibling plant pathogens which perform either a single or several infection cycles within a season (mono- and polycyclic diseases, or uni- and multivoltine life cycles). 相似文献
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33.
Ants are one of the most studied insects in the world; and the literature devoted to their origin and evolution, systematics, ecology, or interactions with plants, fungi and other organisms is prolific. However, no consensus yet exists on the age estimate of the first Formicidae or on the origin of their eusociality. We review the fossil and biogeographical record of all known Cretaceous ants. We discuss the possible origin of the Formicidae with emphasis on the most primitive subfamily Sphecomyrminae according to its distribution and the Early Cretaceous palaeogeography. And we review the evidence of true castes and eusociality of the early ants regarding their morphological features and their manner of preservation in amber. The mid-Cretaceous amber forest from south-western France where some of the oldest known ants lived, corresponded to a moist tropical forest close to the shore with a dominance of gymnosperm trees but where angiosperms (flowering plants) were already diversified. This palaeoenvironmental reconstruction supports an initial radiation of ants in forest ground litter coincident with the rise of angiosperms, as recently proposed as an ecological explanation for their origin and successful evolution. 相似文献
34.
35.
Bioluminescent yeast assays for detecting estrogenic and androgenic activity in different matrices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we describe the construction and use of a set of bioluminescent yeast strains for the detection of compounds that can affect androgen or estrogen receptor mediated hormonal signalling. The set includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing human androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) or estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), along with firefly luciferase controlled by a respective hormone responsive promoter. A constitutively luminescent strain was included in the set for determining the cytotoxicity of the sample. Yeast cells were incubated with pure chemicals or complex samples for 2.5 h, after which the signal could be detected from the cell-sample mixture after simply adding the D-luciferin substrate. The assays could be completed in one day and they required no cell lysis or centrifugation steps, which makes them suitable for high-throughput analysis of samples. Due to a short incubation time the assays are directly applicable to different sample matrices, requiring no pretreatment of the samples. The assays were used to assess the hormonal activity in moisturizing lotions as an example of a complex sample matrix known to contain endocrine disrupting chemicals. Six out of eight tested moisturisers showed high estrogenic activity, whereas no androgenic activity was observed in the samples. 相似文献
36.
Bouyahya Asmaa Sembo-Backonly Berthe-Sandra Favrelle-Huret Audrey Balieu Sébastien Guillen Frédéric Mesnage Valérie Karakasyan-Dia Carole Lahcini Mohammed Le Cerf Didier Gouhier Géraldine 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(1):271-283
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - We developed a new hybrid material resulting from an innovative supramolecular tripartite association between an ionic liquid covalently immobilized... 相似文献
37.
Sylvie Tambutté Eric Tambutté Didier Zoccola Natacha Caminiti Severine Lotto Aurélie Moya Denis Allemand Jess Adkins 《Marine Biology》2007,151(1):71-83
In zooxanthellate corals, the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide and the precipitation of CaCO3 are intimately linked both spatially and temporally making it difficult to study carbon transport mechanisms involved in each
pathway. When studying Tubastrea aurea, a coral devoid of zooxanthellae, we can focus on carbon transport mechanisms involved only in the calcification process.
We performed this study to characterize T. aurea carbonic anhydrase and to determine its role in the calcification process. We have shown that inhibition of tissular carbonic
anhydrase activity affects the calcification rate. We have measured the activity of this enzyme both in the tissues and in
the organix matrix extracted from the skeleton. Our results indicate that organic matrix proteins, which are synthesized by
the calcifying tissues, are not only structural proteins, but they also play a crucial catalytic role by eliminating the kinetic
barrier to interconversion of inorganic carbon at the calcification site. By immunochemistry we have demonstrated the presence
of a protein both in the tissues and in the organic matrix, which shares common features with prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases. 相似文献
38.
Christian Dagenais Laurence Plouffe Charles Gagné Georges Toulouse Andrée-Anne Breault Didier Dupont 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):50-59
A knowledge transfer (KT) strategy was implemented by the IRSST, an occupational health and safety research institute established in Québec (Canada), to improve the prevention of psychological and musculoskeletal problems among 911 emergency call centre agents. An evaluability assessment was conducted in which each aspect of the KT approach was documented systematically to determine whether the strategy had the potential to be evaluated in terms of its impact on the targeted population. A review of the literature on KT in occupational health and safety and on the evaluation of such KT programmes, along with the development of a logic model based on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, indicated that the KT strategy was likely to have had a positive impact in the 911 emergency call centre sector. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
39.
Yves-Marie Bozec Michel Kulbicki Francis Laloë Gérard Mou-Tham Didier Gascuel 《Marine Biology》2011,158(5):969-981
Detection patterns of coral reef fish were assessed from the meta-analysis of distance sampling surveys performed by visual
census in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, from 1986 to 1999. From approximately 100,000 observations relating to 593 species,
the frequency distributions of fish detection distances perpendicular to the transect line were compared according to species
characteristics and sampling conditions. The shape and extension of these detection profiles varied markedly with fish size,
shyness, and crypticity, indicating strong differences of detectability across species. Detection of very small and cryptic
fish decreased strongly 1 m away from the line. Conversely, sightings of shy and large species were excessively low in the
first meters due to diver avoidance prior to detection. The larger the fish, the greater the fleeing distance. Distance data
underscore how inconsistent detectability biases across species and sites can affect the accuracy of visual censuses when
assessing coral reef fish populations. 相似文献
40.
Franois Laurent Wolfram Anker Didier Graillot 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(1):123-134
ABSTRACT: A method for water resources protection based on spatial variability of vulnerability is proposed. The vulnerability of a water resource is defined as the risk that the resource will become contaminated if a pollutant is placed on the surface at one point as compared to another. A spatial modelling method is defined in this paper to estimate a travel time between any point of a catchment and a resource (river or well). This method is based on spatial analysis tools integrated in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The method is illustrated by an application to an area of Massif Central (France) where three different types of flow appear: surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and permanent ground water flow (baseflow). The proposed method gives results similar to classical methods of estimation of travel time. The contribution of GIS is to improve the mapping of vulnerability by taking the spatial variability of physical phenomena into account. 相似文献