全文获取类型
收费全文 | 446篇 |
免费 | 3篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 9篇 |
废物处理 | 12篇 |
环保管理 | 23篇 |
综合类 | 215篇 |
基础理论 | 100篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 70篇 |
评价与监测 | 11篇 |
社会与环境 | 11篇 |
灾害及防治 | 1篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 8篇 |
2013年 | 16篇 |
2012年 | 20篇 |
2011年 | 11篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 8篇 |
2008年 | 8篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 4篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 9篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 7篇 |
1965年 | 5篇 |
1964年 | 4篇 |
1963年 | 7篇 |
1962年 | 8篇 |
1961年 | 4篇 |
1960年 | 13篇 |
1959年 | 8篇 |
1958年 | 4篇 |
1957年 | 6篇 |
1956年 | 5篇 |
1955年 | 9篇 |
1954年 | 4篇 |
1933年 | 4篇 |
1932年 | 4篇 |
1930年 | 4篇 |
1929年 | 5篇 |
1913年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有453条查询结果,搜索用时 421 毫秒
441.
Dieter Heylen Wendt Müller Ton G. G. Groothuis Erik Matthysen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(2):287-293
In birds as in many other taxa, parasites can have deleterious effects on offspring development. Therefore, avian mothers
have evolved responses to counteract parasite virulence in offspring via transgenerational defense mechanisms that is the
transfer of immune-enhancing substances such as antibodies to their eggs. Another maternal pathway is suggested by the finding
that infested great tit mothers produced eggs with lower androgens, since these yolk androgens are immunosuppressive and potentially
affect parasite susceptibility of the nestlings. However, whether this pathway is a specific adaptation to infestation with
parasites that affect the offspring or an epiphenomenon of lower androgen production in the female due to the parasite effects
on the mother itself is as yet unclear. In this study we infested female great tits (Parus major) with sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus), which are nonnidicolous ectoparasites with low vertical transmission capability, and evaluated the effects on yolk androgen
deposition. Tick-infested females did not significantly reduce their deposition of androgens (androstenedione (A4) and testosterone) compared to tick-reduced females, which is in contrast to a previous study showing a lowered deposition
of A4 and testosterone when females were exposed to the nidicolous hen flea. Thus, females alter their hormone deposition, and
thus likely offspring phenotype, when exposed to parasites that also form the parasitic environment of their offspring, but
not when temporarily infested with the field-dwelling sheep ticks with low transmission capability. This suggests that selection
favored the evolution of an adaptive transgenerational effect by acting mainly on the parasite-induced maternal effect. 相似文献
442.
Heiko Schmaljohann Martin Buchmann James W. Fox Franz Bairlein 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(6):915-922
Movement ecology studies have highlighted the importance of individual-based research. As tracking devices have not been applicable for identifying year-around movements of small birds until recently, migration routes of such species relied on visual observations and ring recoveries. Within the Palaearctic–African migration system, loop migration seems to be the overall migration pattern. The interindividual variations within species-specific migration routes are, however, unknown. Here, we track the individual migration routes and annual cycles of male Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe, a trans-Sahara songbird migrant from a German breeding population with light-level geolocators. Two migrated most likely via Spain towards western Africa but returned via Corsica/Sardinia, while two others seemed to migrate via Sardinia and Corsica in autumn and via Spain and France in spring (loop migration). The fifth took presumably the same route via France and the Balearics in both seasons. All birds wintered in the Sahel zone of western Africa. Overall migration distances for autumn and spring were similar (about 4,100?km), whereas the overall migratory speed was generally higher in spring (126?km?day?1) than in autumn (88?km?day?1). Birds spent about 130?days at the breeding area and 147?days at the wintering grounds. 相似文献
443.
Rita Adrian Dieter Gerten Veronika Huber Carola Wagner Silke R. Schmidt 《Marine Biology》2012,159(11):2533-2542
Long-term ecological research has become a cornerstone of the scientific endeavour to better understand ecosystem responses to environmental change. This paper provides a perspective on how such research could be advanced. It emphasizes that a profound understanding of the mechanisms underlying these responses requires that records of ecologic processes be not only sufficiently long, but also collected at an appropriate temporal resolution. We base our argument on an overview of studies of climate impacts in limnic and marine ecosystems, suggesting that lakes and oceans respond to (short-term) weather conditions during critical time windows in the year. The observed response patterns are often time-lagged or driven by the crossing of thresholds in weather-related variables (such as water temperature and thermal stratification intensity). It becomes clear from the previous studies that average annual, seasonal or monthly climate data often fall short of characterizing the thermal dynamics that most organisms respond to. To illustrate such literature-based evidence using a concrete example, we compare 2?years of water temperature data from Müggelsee (Berlin, Germany) at multiple temporal scales (from hours to years). This comparison underlines the pitfalls of analysing data at resolutions not high enough to detect critical differences in environmental forcing. Current science initiatives that aim at improving the temporal resolution of long-term observatory data in aquatic systems will help to identify adequate timescales of analysis necessary for the understanding of ecosystem responses to climate change. 相似文献
444.
In 1984, 115 samples of the starfish Asterias rubens L. collected in the south-eastern part of Cadet Trench (Mecklenburg Bay/Western Baltic Sea) were analyzed for their contents of a few major (calcium, magnesium) and trace elements (cadmium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc). Distinct differences were found between starfish from different stations, and these are attributed to the composition of the sediments acting as a substrate for their prey (mussels, snails). Except for cadmium, the concentrations of the elements studied all correlated negatively with the diameter and weight of the starfish. Parallel analyses of starfish arms and the central discs of the same animals showed that iron, zinc, copper and mercury levels were 16 to 30% higher, and selenium, manganese, magnesium, calcium and lead were 4 to 9% higher in the arms. Cadmium concentrations were 20% higher in the central discs than in the arms. Stock estimations (about 52,000 tons fresh weight) show that starfish play a significant role in the benthic ecosystem of the western Baltic Sea. They can consume up to 200,000 tons of mussels and clams (Mytilus edulis, Macoma baltica) a year and may therefore represent a notable factor in the trace metal balance of the region. 相似文献
445.
A simulation model was developed to investigate the relative effects of temperature, oxygen concentration, substrate content and competition by autochthonous microbial community on the oscillatory behaviour and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure and manure-amended soil. The overall decline in E. coli O157:H7 was primarily determined by competition with autochthonous copiotrophic bacteria simulated by an inter-specific competition term according to Lotka-Volterra. Oscillations of bacterial populations were attained by the relationships between relative growth and death rates with readily available substrate content. The model contains a logistic and exponential relation of relative growth and death rates, respectively, of E. coli O157:H7 and copiotrophic bacteria with temperature, resulting in optimum curves for net growth rates similar to the curves reported in the literature. The model has been both calibrated and validated on experimental data. The model was used to perform sensitivity analysis and to evaluate different manure and soil management scenarios in terms of survival of E. coli O157:H7. The relative effects of changes in temperature on simulated survival time of E. coli O157:H7 were more pronounced than changes in oxygen condition. Testing manure storage scenarios with realistic data revealed that manure stored in a heap that was turned every week resulted in almost 70% reduction of E. coli O157:H7 survival compared to unturned manure. At the surface of a heap with unturned manure, simulated survival time was the longest (2.4 times longer than inside the same heap). The simulation model provides a new approach to investigating dynamic changes of invasive microorganisms in natural substrates such as manure or manure-amended soil. 相似文献
446.
447.
448.
449.
Marcus?Wei? Dieter?Wüstenberg Andreas W.?MomberEmail author 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):84-88
There are no known methods which will effectively separate compounds consisting of plastic fibers and latex binders, or plastics coated with textiles. To separate the fibers and the plastic carrier from the other materials, high-pressure water jets have been used. Based on this practice, a method was developed to treat waste carpets and automotive interior materials with water jets in order to recycle their plastic components. Experiments were performed to investigate the modes of destruction as well as the influence of process parameters. Based on these investigations, a pilot device for the treatment of waste carpets (sheets or chips) was designed and installed. It was shown that the proposed method works with a high degree of cleanliness and selectivity. A general process scheme was developed in order to apply the method to recycling processes. 相似文献
450.
We review here the concept of sustainable chemistry (SC), which is still in its early development. One important element of SC is commonly defined as chemical research aiming at the optimization of chemical processes and products with respect to energy and material consumption, inherent safety, toxicity, environmental degradability, and so on. An increasing number of assessment systems containing quantitative indicators for these aspects are currently being developed. In addition, however, SC should also address the societal aspect of sustainability. With respect to scientific research, the societal aspect is defined here by two requirements: (1) the assumptions, objectives and implications of chemical research and its technical application should be made more transparent to various societal actors; (2) uncertainty and ignorance should be treated more explicitly in the course of scientific research. Meeting these requirements is necessary in order to lift the division between the allegedly disinterested and non-normative scientific research and the value-laden sphere of societal needs, preferences and decision-making situations. This, in turn, is understood here as a contribution to a more sustainable scientific practice. We illustrate the two elements of SC--optimization of products and processes as well as including the societal aspect--with the examples of environmental chemistry, green chemistry and the environmental assessment of chemical products. While considerable progress has been made in these fields, the societal aspect of SC remains to be recognized more fully in all branches of chemical research. One prerequisite for this is the inclusion of SC into chemical education from the very beginning. 相似文献