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161.
Degradation of Cellulose Acetate-Based Materials: A Review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Juergen Puls Steven A. Wilson Dirk Hölter 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):152-165
Cellulose acetate polymer is used to make a variety of consumer products including textiles, plastic films, and cigarette
filters. A review of degradation mechanisms, and the possible approaches to diminish the environmental persistence of these
materials, will clarify the current and potential degradation rates of these products after disposal. Various studies have
been conducted on the biodegradability of cellulose acetate, but no review has been compiled which includes biological, chemical,
and photo chemical degradation mechanisms. Cellulose acetate is prepared by acetylating cellulose, the most abundant natural
polymer. Cellulose is readily biodegraded by organisms that utilize cellulase enzymes, but due to the additional acetyl groups
cellulose acetate requires the presence of esterases for the first step in biodegradation. Once partial deacetylation has
been accomplished either by enzymes, or by partial chemical hydrolysis, the polymer’s cellulose backbone is readily biodegraded.
Cellulose acetate is photo chemically degraded by UV wavelengths shorter than 280 nm, but has limited photo degradability
in sunlight due to the lack of chromophores for absorbing ultraviolet light. Photo degradability can be significantly enhanced
by the addition of titanium dioxide, which is used as a whitening agent in many consumer products. Photo degradation with
TiO2 causes surface pitting, thus increasing a material’s surface area which enhances biodegradation. The combination of both
photo and biodegradation allows a synergy that enhances the overall degradation rate. The physical design of a consumer product
can also facilitate enhanced degradation rate, since rates are highly influenced by the exposure to environmental conditions.
The patent literature contains an abundance of ideas for designing consumer products that are less persistent in the outdoors
environment, and this review will include insights into enhanced degradability designs. 相似文献
162.
Decision makers responsible for natural resource management often complain that science delivers fragmented information that
is not useful at the scale of implementation. We offer a way of negotiating complex problems by putting forward a requisite
simplicity. A requisite simplicity attempts to discard some detail, while retaining conceptual clarity and scientific rigor,
and helps us move to a new position where we can benefit from new knowledge. We illustrate the above using three case studies:
elephant densities and vegetation change in a national park, the use of rules of thumb to support decision making in agriculture,
and the management of salt in irrigation. We identify potential requisite simplicities that can allow us to generate new understanding,
lead to action and provide opportunities for structured learning. 相似文献
163.
Tineke De Wilde Pieter Spanoghe Peter Jaeken Dirk Springael 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3309-3316
The efficiency of a biopurification system, developed to treat pesticide contaminated water, is to a large extent determined by the chemical and hydraulic load. Insight into the behaviour of pesticides under different fluxes is necessary. The behaviour of metalaxyl, bentazone, linuron, isoproturon and metamitron was studied under three different fluxes with or without the presence of pesticide-primed soil in column experiments. Due to the time-dependent sorption process, retention of the pesticides with intermediate mobility was significantly influenced by the flux. The higher the flux, the slower pesticides will be sorbed, which resulted in a lower retention. Degradation of the intermediate mobile pesticides was also submissive to variations in flux. An increase in flux, led to a decrease in retention, which in turn decreased the opportunity time for biodegradation. Finally, the presence of pesticide-primed soil was only beneficial for the degradation of metalaxyl. 相似文献
164.
Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Felix Kienast Janine Bolliger Marion Potschin Rudolf S. de Groot Peter H. Verburg Iris Heller Dirk Wascher Roy Haines-Young 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1099-1120
We examine the advantages and disadvantages of a methodological framework designed to analyze the poorly understood relationships
between the ecosystem properties of large portions of land, and their capacities (stocks) to provide goods and services (flows).
These capacities (stocks) are referred to as landscape functions. The core of our assessment is a set of expert- and literature-driven
binary links, expressing whether specific land uses or other environmental properties have a supportive or neutral role for
given landscape functions. The binary links were applied to the environmental properties of 581 administrative units of Europe
with widely differing environmental conditions and this resulted in a spatially explicit landscape function assessment. To
check under what circumstances the binary links are able to replace complex interrelations, we compared the landscape function
maps with independently generated continent-wide assessments (maps of ecosystem services or environmental parameters/indicators).
This rigorous testing revealed that for 9 out of 15 functions the straightforward binary links work satisfactorily and generate
plausible geographical patterns. This conclusion holds primarily for production functions. The sensitivity of the nine landscape
functions to changes in land use was assessed with four land use scenarios (IPCC SRES). It was found that most European regions
maintain their capacity to provide the selected services under any of the four scenarios, although in some cases at other
locations within the region. At the proposed continental scale, the selected input parameters are thus valid proxies which
can be used to assess the mid-term potential of landscapes to provide goods and services. 相似文献
165.
166.
Andrés M. Cisneros‐Montemayor F. Gordon Kirkwood Sarah Harper Dirk Zeller U. Rashid Sumaila 《Natural resources forum》2013,37(4):221-230
The announcement of plans for exploratory oil drilling at a number of offshore sites in Belize raised concerns about the risks associated with drilling, particularly given the socio‐economic importance of the marine ecosystem. The current economic value of fisheries and marine ecotourism is estimated, along with the potential revenue from offshore oil and potential economic losses stemming from oil pollution, under various assumptions on risk and uncertainty. Marine fisheries and ecotourism are estimated to generate around US$ 183 million per year. Single‐year estimated maximum revenue is higher for oil extraction initially but quickly declines; during a 50 year (two generation) period, total discounted benefits from marine fisheries and ecotourism are estimated at US$ 5.1 billion, compared to US$ 3.2 billion from offshore oil revenue. Following a hypothetical oil spill, discounted losses in marine fisheries and ecotourism due to perception and ecological impacts are estimated at US$ 912 million, with clean‐up costs and capital losses of US$ 6.1‐10.4 billion. Considering the short extraction life of oil resources compared to fisheries and ecotourism, the difference in benefits increases substantially in favour of the latter with a longer time horizon. A recent public referendum resulted in a 98% vote against oil exploration and a subsequent annulment of oil concessions pending environmental impact assessments. 相似文献
167.
Energy efficiency in the residential housing market can play an important role in the reduction of global carbon emissions. This paper reports the first evidence on the market adoption and economic implications of energy performance certificates implemented by the European Union. The results show that adoption rates are low and declining over time, coinciding with a negative sentiment regarding the label in the popular media. Labels are clustered among smaller, post-war homes in neighborhoods with more difficult selling conditions. We also document that geographic variation in the adoption rate of energy labels is positively related to the fraction of “green” voters during the 2006 national elections. Within the sample of labeled homes, the energy label creates transparency in the energy efficiency of dwellings. Our analysis shows that consumers capitalize this information into the price of their prospective homes. 相似文献
168.
169.
170.
Recent scientific research on perfluorinated surfactants (PS) revealed their ocurrence in German surface and drinking waters (Skutlarek, Exner, Färber 2006). Since several years, PS have been found in the global environment, especially in animal and human tissues. PS possess extreme persistence against microbiological and chemical degradation and are able to bioaccumulate in animals and humans (Houde et al. 2006). PS concentrations (sum of 12 components) in the Rhine river and its main tributaries were determined below 100 ng/L, but the rivers Ruhr (tributary of the Rhine) and Möhne (tributary of the Ruhr) showed remarkable high concentrations (Ruhr: up to 446 ng/L, Möhne: up to 4385 ng/L). The maximum concentration in drinking waters was 598 ng/L with the major component perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The PS concentrations decreased similarly to the PS concentrations of the raw waters along the flow direction of the Ruhr river. Therefore it seems to be necessary to install legal regulations for these compounds. 相似文献