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171.
Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Felix Kienast Janine Bolliger Marion Potschin Rudolf S. de Groot Peter H. Verburg Iris Heller Dirk Wascher Roy Haines-Young 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1099-1120
We examine the advantages and disadvantages of a methodological framework designed to analyze the poorly understood relationships
between the ecosystem properties of large portions of land, and their capacities (stocks) to provide goods and services (flows).
These capacities (stocks) are referred to as landscape functions. The core of our assessment is a set of expert- and literature-driven
binary links, expressing whether specific land uses or other environmental properties have a supportive or neutral role for
given landscape functions. The binary links were applied to the environmental properties of 581 administrative units of Europe
with widely differing environmental conditions and this resulted in a spatially explicit landscape function assessment. To
check under what circumstances the binary links are able to replace complex interrelations, we compared the landscape function
maps with independently generated continent-wide assessments (maps of ecosystem services or environmental parameters/indicators).
This rigorous testing revealed that for 9 out of 15 functions the straightforward binary links work satisfactorily and generate
plausible geographical patterns. This conclusion holds primarily for production functions. The sensitivity of the nine landscape
functions to changes in land use was assessed with four land use scenarios (IPCC SRES). It was found that most European regions
maintain their capacity to provide the selected services under any of the four scenarios, although in some cases at other
locations within the region. At the proposed continental scale, the selected input parameters are thus valid proxies which
can be used to assess the mid-term potential of landscapes to provide goods and services. 相似文献
172.
Much can be learned about adaptation by applying structures and methodologies already used in other research fields. This study employs a public economic policy approach to investigate how – or if at all – adaptation should be supported by the public sector. Three different fields of adaptation activity are identified which are especially relevant for government intervention and the study proposes ways in which government intervention could be conducted. The analysis takes into account that developing regions are particularly vulnerable and they have insufficient funds to adequately adapt to climate change. 相似文献
173.
Decision makers responsible for natural resource management often complain that science delivers fragmented information that
is not useful at the scale of implementation. We offer a way of negotiating complex problems by putting forward a requisite
simplicity. A requisite simplicity attempts to discard some detail, while retaining conceptual clarity and scientific rigor,
and helps us move to a new position where we can benefit from new knowledge. We illustrate the above using three case studies:
elephant densities and vegetation change in a national park, the use of rules of thumb to support decision making in agriculture,
and the management of salt in irrigation. We identify potential requisite simplicities that can allow us to generate new understanding,
lead to action and provide opportunities for structured learning. 相似文献
174.
Tineke De Wilde Pieter Spanoghe Peter Jaeken Dirk Springael 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3309-3316
The efficiency of a biopurification system, developed to treat pesticide contaminated water, is to a large extent determined by the chemical and hydraulic load. Insight into the behaviour of pesticides under different fluxes is necessary. The behaviour of metalaxyl, bentazone, linuron, isoproturon and metamitron was studied under three different fluxes with or without the presence of pesticide-primed soil in column experiments. Due to the time-dependent sorption process, retention of the pesticides with intermediate mobility was significantly influenced by the flux. The higher the flux, the slower pesticides will be sorbed, which resulted in a lower retention. Degradation of the intermediate mobile pesticides was also submissive to variations in flux. An increase in flux, led to a decrease in retention, which in turn decreased the opportunity time for biodegradation. Finally, the presence of pesticide-primed soil was only beneficial for the degradation of metalaxyl. 相似文献
175.
Magnus Lund Christian Stiegler Jakob Abermann Michele Citterio Birger U. Hansen Dirk van As 《Ambio》2017,46(1):81-93
The surface energy balance (SEB) is essential for understanding the coupled cryosphere–atmosphere system in the Arctic. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability in SEB across tundra, snow and ice. During the snow-free period, the main energy sink for ice sites is surface melt. For tundra, energy is used for sensible and latent heat flux and soil heat flux leading to permafrost thaw. Longer snow-free period increases melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet and glaciers and may promote tundra permafrost thaw. During winter, clouds have a warming effect across surface types whereas during summer clouds have a cooling effect over tundra and a warming effect over ice, reflecting the spatial variation in albedo. The complex interactions between factors affecting SEB across surface types remain a challenge for understanding current and future conditions. Extended monitoring activities coupled with modelling efforts are essential for assessing the impact of warming in the Arctic. 相似文献
176.
Kristin M. Kleisner Catherine Longo Marta Coll Ben S. Halpern Darren Hardy Steven K. Katona Frédéric Le Manach Daniel Pauly Andrew A. Rosenberg Jameal F. Samhouri Courtney Scarborough U. Rashid Sumaila Reg Watson Dirk Zeller 《Ambio》2013,42(8):910-922
Sustainable provision of seafood from wild-capture fisheries and mariculture is a fundamental component of healthy marine ecosystems and a major component of the Ocean Health Index. Here we critically review the food provision model of the Ocean Health Index, and explore the implications of knowledge gaps, scale of analysis, choice of reference points, measures of sustainability, and quality of input data. Global patterns for fisheries are positively related to human development and latitude, whereas patterns for mariculture are most closely associated with economic importance of seafood. Sensitivity analyses show that scores are robust to several model assumptions, but highly sensitive to choice of reference points and, for fisheries, extent of time series available to estimate landings. We show how results for sustainable seafood may be interpreted and used, and we evaluate which modifications show the greatest potential for improvements. 相似文献
177.
Neptunyl, Np(V)O(2)(+), along with the other actinyl ions U(VI)O(2)(2+) and Pu(V,VI)O(2)((+,2+)), is considered to be highly mobile in the geosphere, while interaction with mineral surfaces (inner- or outer-sphere adsorption, ion-exchange, and coprecipitation/structural incorporation) may retard its migration. Detailed information about the exact interaction mechanisms including the structure and stoichiometry of the adsorption complexes is crucial to predict the retention behavior in diverse geochemical environments. Here, we investigated the structure of the neptunyl adsorption complex at the calcite-water interface at pH 8.3 in equilibrium with air by means of low-temperature (15K) EXAFS spectroscopy at the Np-L(III) edge. The coordination environment of neptunyl consists of two axial oxygen atoms at 1.87(±0.01)?, and an equatorial oxygen shell of six atoms at 2.51(±0.01)?. Two oxygen backscatterers at 3.50(±0.04)? along with calcium backscatterers at 3.95(±0.03)? suggest that neptunyl is linked to the calcite surface through two monodentate bonds towards carbonate groups of the calcite surface. Two additional carbon backscatterers at 2.94(±0.02)? are attributed to two carbonate ions in bidentate coordination. This structural environment is conclusively interpreted as a ternary surface complex, where a neptunyl biscarbonato complex sorbs through two monodentate carbonate bonds to steps at the calcite (104) face, while the two bidentately coordinated carbonate groups point away from the surface. This structural information is further supported by Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR) experiments. They show a significant decrease of the calcite growth rate in the presence of neptunyl(V), in line with blockage of the most active crystal growth sites, step and kink sites, by adsorption of neptunyl. Formation of this sorption complex constitutes an important retention mechanism for neptunyl in calcite-rich environments. 相似文献
178.
Degradation of Cellulose Acetate-Based Materials: A Review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Juergen Puls Steven A. Wilson Dirk Hölter 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):152-165
Cellulose acetate polymer is used to make a variety of consumer products including textiles, plastic films, and cigarette
filters. A review of degradation mechanisms, and the possible approaches to diminish the environmental persistence of these
materials, will clarify the current and potential degradation rates of these products after disposal. Various studies have
been conducted on the biodegradability of cellulose acetate, but no review has been compiled which includes biological, chemical,
and photo chemical degradation mechanisms. Cellulose acetate is prepared by acetylating cellulose, the most abundant natural
polymer. Cellulose is readily biodegraded by organisms that utilize cellulase enzymes, but due to the additional acetyl groups
cellulose acetate requires the presence of esterases for the first step in biodegradation. Once partial deacetylation has
been accomplished either by enzymes, or by partial chemical hydrolysis, the polymer’s cellulose backbone is readily biodegraded.
Cellulose acetate is photo chemically degraded by UV wavelengths shorter than 280 nm, but has limited photo degradability
in sunlight due to the lack of chromophores for absorbing ultraviolet light. Photo degradability can be significantly enhanced
by the addition of titanium dioxide, which is used as a whitening agent in many consumer products. Photo degradation with
TiO2 causes surface pitting, thus increasing a material’s surface area which enhances biodegradation. The combination of both
photo and biodegradation allows a synergy that enhances the overall degradation rate. The physical design of a consumer product
can also facilitate enhanced degradation rate, since rates are highly influenced by the exposure to environmental conditions.
The patent literature contains an abundance of ideas for designing consumer products that are less persistent in the outdoors
environment, and this review will include insights into enhanced degradability designs. 相似文献
179.
Tonle Sap Lake is a large and complex data-deficient ecosystem in the Mekong River Basin. Highly valuable in biodiversity and natural livelihoods capital, it is susceptible to degradation when the flood pulse that drives its productivity is altered as a result of hydropower and irrigation development on the Mekong River. To date, there are no tools to assess the consequences of such flood pulse alterations, leaving the Tonle Sap underrated in water-resources use and planning. A combined ecological-hydrodynamic model is presented for the production potential of the Tonle Sap ecosystem and its likely response to hydrological changes. 相似文献
180.
In the environment, the sorption and the degradation of organic pollutants are of increasing interest. The investigation of the chemical structures provides a basis for the development of a suitable binding model approach and for the mechanistic understanding of the chemical fate processes. The aim of this study was the identification of different species of the antibiotic compound sulfadiazine (SDZ) using (1)H and (13)C NMR experiments and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the neutral, aprotic solvent dimethylsulfoxide-d(6) (DMSO-d(6)), a new sulfadiazine structure containing an O-H-N hydrogen bond was identified. In the protic solvent water-d(2) and in dependence on pH and the position of the amidogen hydrogen atom nine possible SDZ conformations were analyzed and five structures were identified. Good conformity between theory and calculation of (1)H NMR was observed. Unfortunately, (13)C NMR is not sensitive enough for comparison and differentiation. In order to verify the identified structures, additional NBO/NLMO (natural localized molecular orbital) analyses were conducted (calculation of net atomic charges, bond polarity, atomic valence, and electron delocalization). Finally, conformation optimizations were performed in order to investigate the stability of the SDZ species. We showed that SDZ contains no S=O double bond, but that it has two S-O single bonds. Surprisingly, negative charges were observed at the pyrimidine nitrogen atom. With these results, the known structure of SDZ was revised. Studies of the geometrical structure and the torsion angles showed that SDZ is very flexible and can be easily fitted to the sorbent. These observations would explain the strong sorbance and hence the rapid formation of non-extractable residues in the environment because SDZ acts as a strong ligand. These results show that that the sulfonamide hydrogen is important for the biological activity but the pyrimidine nitrogen and the sulfonamide oxygen is responsible for the sorbance in environment. 相似文献