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281.
Use of statistical tools to evaluate the reductive dechlorination of high levels of TCE in microcosm studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harkness M Fisher A Lee MD Mack EE Payne JA Dworatzek S Roberts J Acheson C Herrmann R Possolo A 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2012,131(1-4):100-118
A large, multi-laboratory microcosm study was performed to select amendments for supporting reductive dechlorination of high levels of trichloroethylene (TCE) found at an industrial site in the United Kingdom (UK) containing dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) TCE. The study was designed as a fractional factorial experiment involving 177 bottles distributed between four industrial laboratories and was used to assess the impact of six electron donors, bioaugmentation, addition of supplemental nutrients, and two TCE levels (0.57 and 1.90 mM or 75 and 250 mg/L in the aqueous phase) on TCE dechlorination. Performance was assessed based on the concentration changes of TCE and reductive dechlorination degradation products. The chemical data was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and survival analysis techniques to determine both main effects and important interactions for all the experimental variables during the 203-day study. The statistically based design and analysis provided powerful tools that aided decision-making for field application of this technology. The analysis showed that emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), lactate, and methanol were the most effective electron donors, promoting rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE to ethene. Bioaugmentation and nutrient addition also had a statistically significant positive impact on TCE dechlorination. In addition, the microbial community was measured using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) for quantification of total biomass and characterization of the community structure and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for enumeration of Dehalococcoides organisms (Dhc) and the vinyl chloride reductase (vcrA) gene. The highest increase in levels of total biomass and Dhc was observed in the EVO microcosms, which correlated well with the dechlorination results. 相似文献
282.
Megan MH Nash MS Neale AC Pitchford AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,124(1-3):141-156
The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of using landscape variables in conjunction with water quality
and benthic data to efficiently estimate stream condition of select headwater streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains.
Eighty-two streams with riffle sites were selected from eight-two independent watersheds across the region for sampling and
analyses. Clustering of the watersheds by landscape resulted in three distinct groups (forest, crop, and urban) which coincided
with watersheds dominant land cover or use. We used non-parametric analyses to test differences in benthos and water chemistry
between groups, and used regression analyses to evaluate responses of benthic communities to water chemistry within each of
the landscape groups. We found that typical water chemistry measures associated with urban runoff such as specific conductance
and dissolved chloride were significantly higher in the urban group. In the crop group, we found variables commonly associated
with farming such as nutrients and pesticides significantly greater than in the other two groups. Regression analyses demonstrated
that the numbers of tolerant and facultative macroinvertebrates increased significantly in forested watersheds with small
shifts in pollutants, while in human use dominated watersheds the intolerant macroinvertebrates were more sensitive to shifts
in chemicals present at lower concentrations. The results from this study suggest that landscape based clustering can be used
to link upstream landscape characteristics, water chemistry and biotic integrity in order to assess stream condition and likely
cause of degradation without the use of reference sites. Notice: Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency
policy. 相似文献
283.
Little EE Calfee RD Theodorakos P Brown ZA Johnson CA 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(5):333-337
Background Cobalt cyanide complexes often result when ore is treated with cyanide solutions to extract gold and other metals. These have
recently been discovered in low but significant concentrations in effluents from gold leach operations. This study was conducted
to determine the potential toxicity of cobalt-cyanide complexes to freshwater organisms and the extent to which ultraviolet
radiation (UV) potentiates this toxicity. Tests were also conducted to determine if humic acids or if adaptation to UV influenced
sensitivity to the cyanide complexes.
Methods Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to potassium hexacyanocobaltate in the presence and absence of UV radiation, in the presence and absence of
humic acids. Cyano-cobalt exposures were also conducted with C. dubia from cultures adapted to elevated UV.
Results With an LC50 concentration of 0.38 mg/L, cyanocobalt was over a 1000 times more toxic to rainbow trout in the presence of
UV at a low, environmentally relevant irradiance level (4 μW/cm2 as UVB) than exposure to this compound in the absence of UV with an LC50 of 112.9 mg/L. Toxicity was immediately apparent,
with mortality occurring within an hour of the onset of exposure at the highest concentration. Fish were unaffected by exposure
to UV alone. Weak-acid dissociable cyanide concentrations were observed in irradiated aqueous solutions of cyanocobaltate
within hours of UV exposure and persisted in the presence of UV for at least 96 hours, whereas negligible concentrations were
observed in the absence of UV. The presence of humic acids significantly diminished cyanocobalt toxicity to D. magna and reduced mortality from UV exposure. Humic acids did not significantly influence survival among C. dubia. C. dubia from UV-adapted populations were less sensitive to metallocyanide compounds than organisms from unadapted populations.
Conclusions The results indicate that metallocyanide complexes may pose a hazard to aquatic life through photochemically induced processes.
Factors that decrease UV exposure such as dissolved organic carbon or increased pigmentation would diminish toxicity. 相似文献
284.
Christian Hermans Ann C. Vandaele Michel Carleer Sophie Fally Réginald Colin Alain Jenouvrier Bernard Coquart Marie-France Mérienne 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(3):151-158
Absorption spectroscopy, which is widely used for concentration measurements of tropospheric and stratospheric compounds,
requires precise values of the absorption cross-sections of the measured species. NO2, O2 and its collision-induced absorption spectrum, and H2O absorption cross-sections have been measured at temperature and pressure conditions prevailing in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Corrections to the generally accepted analysis procedures used to resolve the convolution problem are also proposed. 相似文献
285.
Multifoci effects of injustice on counterproductive work behaviors and the moderating roles of symbolization and victim sensitivity
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James J. Lavelle Christopher M. Harris Deborah E. Rupp David N. Herda Randall F. Young M. Blake Hargrove Meghan Ann Thornton‐Lugo Gary C. McMahan 《组织行为杂志》2018,39(8):1022-1039
Past research suggests that employees, in response to workplace experiences, selectively engage in targeted counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). Taking a retributive justice and target similarity perspective, we predict that employee perceptions of unfairness from the organization uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the organization whereas employee perceptions of supervisory unfairness uniquely predict CWB specifically targeted at the supervisor. We further hypothesized that moral identity‐symbolization would strengthen these target‐similar relationships. Finally, drawing from the sensitivity to mean intentions model, we hypothesized that victim sensitivity would not only strengthen these target‐similar relationships but also lead to cross‐foci effects of multifoci fairness perceptions on targets of CWB. Results from 3 field studies of full‐time employees provided support for most of our hypothesized relationships. 相似文献
286.
Huy N.Q. Tran Seth N. Lyman Marc L. Mansfield Trevor O’Neil Richard L. Bowers Ann P. Smith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2018,68(7):713-724
In this study, the authors apply two different dispersion models to evaluate flux chamber measurements of emissions of 58 organic compounds, including C2–C11 hydrocarbons and methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol from oil- and gas-produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin. Field measurement campaigns using the flux chamber technique were performed at a limited number of produced water ponds in the basin throughout 2013–2016. Inverse-modeling results showed significantly higher emissions than were measured by the flux chamber. Discrepancies between the two methods vary across hydrocarbon compounds and are largest in alcohols due to their physical chemistries. This finding, in combination with findings in a related study using the WATER9 wastewater emission model, suggests that the flux chamber technique may underestimate organic compound emissions, especially alcohols, due to its limited coverage of the pond area and alteration of environmental conditions, especially wind speed. Comparisons of inverse-model estimations with flux chamber measurements varied significantly with the complexity of pond facilities and geometries. Both model results and flux chamber measurements suggest significant contributions from produced water ponds to total organic compound emission from oil and gas productions in the basin.
Implications: This research is a component of an extensive study that showed significant amount of hydrocarbon emissions from produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin, Utah. Such findings have important meanings to air quality management agencies in developing control strategies for air pollution in oil and gas fields, especially for the Uintah Basin in which ozone pollutions frequently occurred in winter seasons. 相似文献
287.
Elizabeth Ann Brunner 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(3):402-413
Art has long been an important force in environmental movements. In China, environmental art is a fast-growing sector of the art scene. This new area of emphasis is expanding the function of art and aiding in China’s environmental movement by challenging both imported Western practices and Maoist era philosophy, thereby opening up new ways of considering the relationship between human “progress,” political systems, economic practices, and their repercussions on existing ecosystems. I turn to artist Xu Xiaoyan’s paintings to explore how the notion of “progress” can be challenged through art. I use Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of deterritorialization and reterritorialization to map how Xu’s art offers viewers space to think outside dominant paradigms, creates the potential for changes in human consciousness, considers the environment as a composition of relationships and interactions, and provokes discussion concerning the impact of linear notions of time on human conceptions of nature. 相似文献
288.
289.
Lee KC Shults RA Greenspan AI Haileyesus T Dellinger AM 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(1):25-31
INTRODUCTION: In 2004, more than 180,000 child passengers aged 相似文献
290.
This article describes a template for implementing an integrated community sustainability plan. The template emphasizes community
engagement and outlines the components of a basic framework for integrating ecological, social and economic dynamics into
a community plan. The framework is a series of steps that support a sustainable community development process. While it reflects
the Canadian experience, the tools and techniques have applied value for a range of environmental planning contexts around
the world. The research is case study based and draws from a diverse range of communities representing many types of infrastructure,
demographics and ecological and geographical contexts. A critical path for moving local governments to sustainable community
development is the creation and implementation of integrated planning approaches. To be effective and to be implemented, a
requisite shift to sustainability requires active community engagement processes, political will, and a commitment to political
and administrative accountability, and measurement. 相似文献