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61.
62.
Efficient and sustainable environmental management as a means of addressing current pollution issues
Musmarra Dino Zafeirakou Antigoni Manakou Vasiliki Emmanouil Christina 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(15):14703-14705
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - 相似文献
63.
64.
Shuster WD Shipitalo MJ Subler S Aref S McCoy EL McKeegan C 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(6):2132-2139
Earthworms affect soil structure and the movement of agrochemicals. Yet, there have been few field-scale studies that quantify the effect of earthworms on dissolved nitrogen fluxes in agroecosystems. We investigated the influence of semi-annual earthworm additions on leachate production and quality in different row crop agroecosystems. Chisel-till corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation (CT) and ridge-till corn-soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation (RT) plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design (n = 3) with earthworm treatments (addition and ambient) as subplots where zero-tension lysimeters were placed 45 cm below ground. We assessed earthworm populations semi-annually and collected leachate biweekly over a three-year period and determined leachate volume and concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Abundance of deep-burrowing earthworms was increased in addition treatments over ambient and for both agroecosystems. Leachate loss was similar among agroecosystems, but earthworm additions increased leachate production in the range of 4.5 to 45.2% above ambient in CT cropping. Although leachate TIN and DON concentrations were generally similar between agroecosystems or earthworm treatments, transport of TIN was significantly increased in addition treatments over ambient in CT cropping due to increased leachate volume. Losses of total nitrogen in leachate loadings were up to approximately 10% of agroecosystem N inputs. The coincidence of (i) soluble N production and availability and (ii) preferential leaching pathways formed by deep-burrowing earthworms thereby increased N losses from the CT agroecosystem at the 45-cm depth. Processing of N compounds and transport in soil water from RT cropping were more affected by management phase and largely independent of earthworm activity. 相似文献
65.
Rosenberg C Nikkilä K Henriks-Eckerman ML Peltonen K Engströrm K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2002,4(5):711-716
Exposure to diisocyanates was assessed by biological monitoring among workers exposed to the thermal degradation products of polyurethanes (PURs) in five PUR-processing environments. The processes included grinding and welding in car repair shops, milling and turning of PUR-coated metal cylinders, injection moulding of thermoplastic PUR, welding and cutting of PUR-insulated district heating pipes during installation and joint welding, and heat-flexing of PUR floor covering. Isocyanate-derived amines in acid-hydrolysed urine samples were analysed as perfluoroacylated derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionisation mode. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for the aromatic diamines 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine (2,4- and 2,6-TDA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA) were 0.25 nmol l(-1), 0.25 nmol l(-1) and 0.15 nmol l(-1), respectively. The LOQ for the aliphatic diamines hexamethylenediamine (HDA), isophoronediamine (IpDA) and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexyl methane (4,4'-DDHM) was 5 nmol l(-1). TDA and MDA were detected in urine samples from workers in car repair shops and MDA in samples from workers welding district heating pipes. The 2,4-TDA isomer accounted for about 80% of the total TDA detected. No 2.6-TDA was found in the urine of non-exposed workers. The highest measured urinary TDA and MDA concentrations were 0.79 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine and 3.1 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine, respectively. The concentrations found among non-exposed workers were 0.08 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine for TDA and 0.05 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine for MDA (arithmetic means). Exposure to diisocyanates originating from the thermal degradation of PURs are often intermittent and of short duration. Nevertheless, exposure to aromatic diisocyanates can be identified by monitoring diisocyanate-derived amines in acid-hydrolysed urine samples. 相似文献
66.
The Fine Sediment Biotic Index (FSBI) is a regional, stressor-specific biomonitoring index to assess fine sediment (<2 mm)
impacts on macroinvertebrate communities in northwestern US streams. We examined previously collected data of benthic macroinvertebrate
assemblages and substrate particle sizes for 1,139 streams spanning 16 western US Level III Ecoregions to determine macroinvertebrate
sensitivity (mostly at species level) to fine sediment. We developed FSBI for four ecoregion groupings that include nine of
the ecoregions. The grouping were: the Coast (Coast Range ecoregion) (136 streams), Northern Mountains (Cascades, N. Rockies,
ID Batholith ecoregions) (428 streams), Rockies (Middle Rockies, Southern Rockies ecoregions) (199 streams), and Basin and
Plains (Columbia Plateau, Snake River Basin, Northern Basin and Range ecoregions) (262 streams). We excluded rare taxa and
taxa identified at coarse taxonomic levels, including Chironomidae. This reduced the 685 taxa from all data sets to 206. Of
these 93 exhibited some sensitivity to fine sediment which we classified into four categories: extremely, very, moderately,
and slightly sensitive; containing 11, 22, 30, and 30 taxa, respectively. Categories were weighted and a FSBI score calculated
by summing the sensitive taxa found in a stream. There were no orders or families that were solely sensitive or resistant
to fine sediment. Although, among the three orders commonly regarded as indicators of high water quality, the Plecoptera (5),
Trichoptera (3), and Ephemeroptera (2) contained all but one of the species or species groups classified as extremely sensitive.
Index validation with an independent data set of 255 streams found FSBI scores to accurately predict both high and low levels
of measured fine sediment. 相似文献
67.
Aglaia Theofanoudi Christina Diakaki Eleftheria Katsivela 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2009,9(1-2):79-88
The paper summarizes the results of a study concerning the operation of industrial plants and their effects to the environment. It also addresses, shortly, the consequences to the quality of human life and proposes potential measures that may contribute to the reduction of the negative environmental impacts. The relatively small organized Industrial Area of Alexandroupolis (Greece) is examined as a case study. In particular, the activities of its major industrial facilities are presented and their emissions to the environment are examined. In addition, the socio-economic aspects of the operation of the Industrial Area are studied. The results of the study showed that the operation of the Industrial Area has specific negative effects in the natural environment of the region and in the quality of life of the residents. Methodological and legislative tools, such as control systems for the environmental pollution, the green chemistry, and the environmental management systems, may be employed to assist the prevention and confrontation of environmental problems. 相似文献
68.
Thodoris Dantsis Angeliki Loumou Christina Giourga 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(3):197-216
Up to now, several scientific works have noted that the organic sector resembles more and more conventional farming’s structures,
what is widely known as the “conventionalization” thesis. This phenomenon constitutes an area of conflict between organic
farming’s original vision and its current reality and raises ethical and social questions concerning the structure of agricultural
systems of production and their interactions with the socio-economic and natural environment. The main issue of this dialogue
is the concept of sustainable agriculture, which for scientists and policymakers is a means to express their vision of a better
agriculture. In this article we focus on agricultural sustainability in the context of capitalist production as conducted
by the two subsystems of agro-industrial system. As we have proposed in this article, the relationship between organic agriculture,
defined by two essential components (prevention and direct marketing), and the agro-industrial complex, defined by two subsystems,
indicates the degree of agricultural sustainability. The investigation of this relationship can be extremely useful as it
may lead those involved in the discussion of sustainability to identify the key aspects of sustainable agriculture. In order
to investigate the interaction of organic farming with the agro-industrial complex, a survey was conducted in Central Macedonia,
Northern Greece, involving local organic farms. The results of our study indicate that a large proportion of organic producers
did not differ substantially from their counterparts in conventional agriculture in so far as their relationship with the
agro-industrial complex is concerned. Finally, this research highlights two scenarios for the evolution of organic farming.
The first is the full absorption of organic farming to the existing economic system and the second one is the development
of organic farming in a radically opposite direction to conventional farming. 相似文献
69.
The dissolution of the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) from microscale particles (<250 μm) of the explosive formulation Composition B was examined and compared to dissolution from macroscopic particles (>0.5 mm). The dissolution of explosives from detonation soot was also examined. The measured mass transfer coefficients for the microscale particles were one to two orders of magnitude greater than the macroscopic particles. When normalized to particle surface area, mass transfer coefficients of microscale and macroscale particles were similar, indicating that the bulk dissolution processes were similar throughout the examined size range. However, an inverse relationship was observed between the particle diameter and the RDX:TNT mass transfer rate coefficient ratio for dry-attritted particles, which suggests that RDX may be more readily dissolved (relative to TNT) in microscale particles compared to macroscale particles. Aqueous weathering of larger Composition B residues generated particles that possessed mass transfer coefficients that were on the order of 5- to 20-fold higher than dry-attritted particles of all sizes, even when normalized to particle surface area. These aqueous weathered particles also possessed a fourfold lower absolute zeta-potential than dry-attritted particles, which is indicative that they were less hydrophobic (and hence, more wettable) than dry-attritted particles. The increased wettability of these particles provides a plausible explanation for the observed enhanced dissolution. The wetting history and the processes by which particles are produced (e.g., dry physical attrition vs. aqueous weathering) of Composition B residues should be considered when calculating mass transfer rates for fate and transport modeling. 相似文献
70.
Anders Galatius Rossana Bossi Christian Sonne Frank Farsø Rigét Carl Christian Kinze Christina Lockyer Jonas Teilmann Rune Dietz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(11):8013-8020
Profiles of seven compounds of perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFASs) were compared among three species of top predators from the Danish North Sea: the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). The seals had higher total burdens (757.8 ng g?1 ww) than the dolphins (439.9 ng g?1 ww) and the porpoises (355.8 ng g?1 ww), probably a reflection of feeding closer to the shore and thus contamination sources. The most striking difference among the species was the relative contribution of perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) to the profiles; the seals (0.1 %) had much lower levels than porpoises (8.3 %) and dolphins (26.0 %). In combination with the values obtained from the literature, this result indicates that Carnivora species including Pinnipedia have a much higher capacity of transforming PFOSA to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) than cetacean species. Another notable difference among the species was that the two smaller species (seals and porpoises) with supposedly higher metabolic rates had lower concentrations of the perfluorinated carboxylic acids, which are generally more easily excreted than perfluorinated sulfonamides. Species-specific characteristics should be recognized when PFAS contamination in marine mammals is investigated, for example, several previous studies of PFASs in cetaceans have not quantified PFOSA. 相似文献