典型危险废物的工程力学特性

掌握填埋废物的工程力学特性是确保危险废物填埋堆体稳定性的重要前提条件,因此,针对6种典型危险废物的工程力学特性开展了调查研究.研究结果表明,污泥类危险废物的含水率和有机质含量远高于非污泥类危险废物,而前者的比重则显著低于后者.污泥类危险废物的渗透系数相对较小,比污染土壤和飞灰炉渣混合物的渗透系数小1个数量级,比滤池填料的渗透系数小2个数量级.不同危险废物的无侧限抗压强度排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(314.3 kPa)和滤池填料(278.9 kPa)＞污染土壤(124.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(68.6 kPa)、锌铬污泥(71.4 kPa)、油泥(58.4 kPa).不同危险废物的粘聚力排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(40.8 kPa)、滤池填料(31.1 kPa)＞污染土壤(20.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(1.94kPa)、锌铬污泥(3.10 kPa)、油泥(1.81 kPa).此外,不同危险废物的内摩擦角差异相对较小,其变化范围在18.8°～35.0°之间.综合分析可知,飞灰炉渣混合物和滤池填料的工程力学特性较好,而污泥类危险废物的工程力学特性则较差.     

低浓度含砷污酸处理工艺的比较研究

比较研究了石灰中和法和石灰-铁盐法对硫化后含低浓度砷(20～50 mg/L)污酸的处理效果。结果表明,单纯采用石灰法,废水难以达标排放;而两段石灰-铁盐(氯化铁)法满足达标排放的同时,一段及二段沉淀物的浸出液中砷、镉、铜、铅和锌含量均低于危险废物鉴别标准要求(GB 5085.3-2007);其最优工艺参数为一段终了pH=2,反应时间为2 h,二段终了pH=8、Fe/As=8、反应时间为60 min、氧化剂投加量(Ca(ClO)2/As)为6∶1;正交实验结果中各参数对铁盐除砷效果影响顺序为终了pH>反应时间>Fe/As>氧化剂投加量。     

不同碳源添加量对垂直流人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

以垂直流人工湿地小试系统为研究对象,采用碱处理过的千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)作为反硝化碳源补充材料,探讨了不同碳源添加量对系统COD及氮、磷去除效果的影响。结果表明,一定剂量经过碱处理的千屈菜材料可以为人工湿地系统脱氮提供反硝化所需要的碳源,而且具有缓效持续释放的特点。添加此碳源材料可明显提高系统的脱氮效率,最高可提升30.85%,但随着C/N比的增加,硝态氮去除率逐渐降低,C/N比为3、5、8时分别为91.20%、87.72%和84.19%。添加碳源量达到C/N比为3时系统能够发生最大程度反硝化,此时不仅人工湿地系统脱氮效果得到提高,同时人工湿地除磷能力也有所增强。碱处理过的千屈菜材料在本系统中的最适宜添加量为5 g,即100 g/m2(C/N=3),远低于在进水中为满足反硝化所需调控的C/N比(5～8),可以节约外加碳源成本。     

KMnO4缓释剂的释放性能及其在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

为延长KMnO4在地下水原位修复中的作用时间,通过改变KMnO4与石蜡的分散方式以及KMnO4与石蜡的质量比(P/W),对KMnO4缓释剂的制备过程进行了优化.采用超声与搅拌联用(搅拌速度150 r/min)的分散方式更有利于KMnO4的均匀分布,随着P/W的升高,KMnO4负载量逐渐增大而绝对回收率逐渐减小.静态实验分别研究了缓释剂在8℃、不同pH与DO浓度下的释放性能.结果表明,在8℃环境下,缓释剂仍具有释放性能;缓释剂受pH影响较大而受DO浓度影响较小.利用缓释剂降解垃圾渗滤液中的COD以及对沉淀物进行定量分析.结果表明,缓释剂对COD去除率可高达57.1％,而沉淀量最少仅为投加纯KMnO4的8.5％.     

600 t/d新型污泥喷雾干化-焚烧 示范工程污染物去除效果

新型污泥喷雾干化-回转窑焚烧工艺是将脱水污泥通过雾化喷嘴形成滴雾后与高温烟气并流接触达到干化后再进行焚烧的集成技术.干化过程中湿污泥中有机物的挥发及该新型工艺的运行工况和污染物减排效果成为污泥处理处置领域关注的焦点.在对污泥喷雾干化焚烧工艺原理分析基础之上,对我国600 t/d新型污泥喷雾干化焚烧示范项目进行封闭式现场取样监测,通过成分分析、毒性监测等重点对污染物去除效果进行了研究,结果表明,该工艺通过自动控制可将出口烟气温度和干化污泥温度保持较稳定的状态,分别为(96±10)℃和(72±8)℃;喷雾干化塔内不存在粉尘爆炸危险,TVOC＜0.025 mg/m3;直接干化热利用率＞80％,优于间接干化;烟气排放口各指标均满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB18485-2001)的要求.     

压裂废水粘度对二氧化锰臭氧催化氧化处理特性的影响

通过FT-IR和GC-MS检测分析,表明了压裂废水中有机物主要以苯环结构为主的芳香类化合物和其他杂环化合物,苯环及杂环上的主要官能团包括酮、酯、羧酸、醛、酚、氨基等。同时,压裂废水中的粘度为常规水粘度的2~3倍。针对压裂废水高粘度和高COD污染水质特征,实验研究了压裂废水二氧化锰臭氧催化氧化处理特性以及粘度对处理效果的影响,研究结果表明,在粘度较高(2.2×10^-3Pa·s)压裂废水中,投加的化学药剂很难扩散,羟基自由基·OH的利用效率较低,处理效果较差。通过投加过硫酸钾(5 g/L)降粘后,可在很大程度上提高二氧化锰臭氧催化氧化的处理效果。通过对压裂废水中有机物分子量分布、FT-IR分析以及GC-MS分析可知,二氧化锰臭氧催化氧化处理压裂废水是通过激发羟基自由基,破坏水中有机物极性和有机物化学构造,将复杂长链有机物转变为简单有机物,其出水COD可达到国家污水综合排放标准中的二级排放标准。     

复合光催化材料Ag-AgCl/石墨烯的制备及性能

以原位化学沉淀;光还原法制备了Ag-AgCl/石墨烯复合光催化材料。以罗丹明B为模型降解物,研究了其可见光催化性能。实验结果表明：石墨烯的引入使Ag-AgCl/石墨烯催化剂催化活性提高;当初始罗丹明B质量浓度为5 mg/L时,可见光照射60 min后罗丹明B的降解率可达99%;降解率随初始罗丹明B质量浓度的增加而减小。Ag-AgCl/石墨烯具有很高的可见光催化活性和稳定性。     

Processing Stability and Biodegradation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites Reinforced with Cotton Linters or Maple Hardwood Fibres

Polylactic acid (PLA) composites comprising up to 25 wt% cotton linter (CL) or up to 50 % maple wood fibre (WF) were prepared by compounding and injection moulding. A reduction of crystallinity in the PLA matrix was observed as a result of the thermal processing method. These PLACL and PLAWF composites provided excellent improvements in both stiffness (with increases in tensile and flexural modulus) and toughness (increases in notched impact strength) properties over the neat PLA resin, while the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were generally unchanged, while the strain at break values were reduced in comparison to the neat PLA. DMA results indicated incorporating these fibres caused the mechanical loss factor (tan δ) to decrease, suggesting better damping capabilities were achieved with the composites. SEM analysis of the impact fractured surfaces of the PLACL composites showed debonding-cavitation at the matrix-fibre interface while the PLAWF composites showed good wetting along its matrix-fibre interface. The composting of these composites up to 90 days showed that the degradation onset time was increased when increasing the fibre loadings, but the maximum degree of degradation and the maximum daily rates of degradation were decreased compared to neat PLA. On a weight basis of fibre loading, the PLACL composites had a quicker onset of biodegradation, a higher maximum daily rate of biodegradation and, overall, a higher degree of biodegradation at 90 days than the PLAWF composites, possibly due to the quicker thermal hydrolysis observed in the PLA matrix of the PLACL composites during processing and composting.     

Effect of tetraconazole application on the soil microbial community

Tetraconazole is one of the most commonly used triazole fungicides in agricultural practice, and its continuous application poses a potential risk for non-target soil microorganisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tetraconazole at the field rate (T1, 0.33 mgkg^?1 of soil), three times the field rate (T3, 1.00 mgkg^?1 of soil) and 10 times the field rate (T10, 3.33 mgkg^?1 of soil) on the soil microorganisms. To ascertain this effect, the tetraconazole concentration and the microbial properties with potential as bioindicators of soil health (i.e. microbial biomass C, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, structure diversity and functional community profiling) were determined. The results showed that the degradation half-lives of tetraconazole varied from 69 to 87 days, depending on the three application concentrations. The microbial biomass C, basal respiration and substrate-induced respiration were inhibited, but they tended to recover at the end of the incubation when tetraconazole was applied at the recommended field rate. The ratios of the gram-negative to gram-positive (GN to GP) bacteria decreased, and the fungi to bacteria ratio increased after a temporal decrease on the seventh day. A principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that tetraconazole application significantly shifted the microbial community structure on day 7. Different functional community profiles were observed, depending on the tetraconazole application rates. It was concluded that tetraconazole application decreases the soil microbial biomass and activity and changes the structures of the soil microbial community.     

铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂的制备及其选择性催化还原NO的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型催化剂——铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂,研究了Fe掺加量、体积空速以及H2O和SO2的加入对其选择性催化还原NO性能的影响;采用XRD和SEM等手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征。表征结果显示,Fe的掺加使催化剂表面的颗粒更均匀,提高了催化剂的分散度。实验结果表明：以Ce（NO3）3,Fe（NO3）3?9H2O,TiOSO4?2H2O为原料、按n（Ce）∶n（Fe）∶n（Ti）=0.2∶0.8∶1配比制得的Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx为催化剂,在反应温度250 ℃、反应时间3 h、体积空速25 000 h-1的条件下,NO去除率为99.8%,N2选择性为100%;Fe的掺加显著提高了Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx催化剂的抗H2O和SO2的能力。