白洋淀水生食物链BHC、DDT生物浓缩分析

为了评价ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ在水生食物链的生物累积放大效应,对白洋淀地区端村水域生态系统水生生物对六六六、ＤＤＴ的富集沿食物生物营养等级而递增的规律性较强（当年生鲫鱼例外）,水体,底泥水生维管束植物,浮游动物、底栖动物,当年生鲫鱼及２龄乌鳢体内六六六残留量分别为：０．３μｇ／Ｌ,０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,１９．０μｇ／ｋｇ,３０．０μｇ／ｋｇ,６０．９μｇ／ｋｇ,１７．２μｇ／ｋｇ、１１０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,ＤＤＴ     

Internal circulating fluidized bed incineration system and design algorithm

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅ(ＭＳＷ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｉｓｓｕｅｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ.ＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｏｆＭＳＷｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｄｉｓａｓｔｒｏｕｓｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｏｎｌｙｉｎｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚｅｄｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｃｏｎｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ(Ｓｈｅｎ…     

Design of policy mechanism to promote cleaner production in China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｌｅａｎｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ (ＣＰ)ｈｏｌｄｓｇｒｅａｔｐｒｏｍｉｓｅａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｉｎｔｈｅｆａｃｅｏｆｄｏｕｂｌｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ.Ｉｎ 1993,ａｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ (Ｂ 4ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ) ,ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄａｎｄｅｘｅｃｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ (…     

不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征

在太湖流域利用为期3年的田间试验研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流磷流失特征.结果表明,径流量和土壤侵蚀量都是竹园<板栗园<蔬菜地<玉米-油菜轮作.旱耕地上玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下磷的主要流失途径为泥沙搬运,磷的年均流失量分别为2.67kg.hm-2和2.79kg.hm-2,而竹园和板栗园则分别只有0.28kg.hm-2和0.66kg.hm-2.土壤侵蚀和磷流失主要发生在6~8月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.旱地上板栗园与玉米-油菜轮作2种利用方式的经济收益接近,但前者土壤侵蚀和磷流失量分别只有后者的6.7%和24.7%,在太湖地区种植板栗是值得鼓励的土地利用方式.稻田水旱(水稻-油菜)轮作条件下,磷主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了磷的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中磷的流失量可达到全年磷流失的70%以上.稻田水旱轮作方式磷的年均流失量为0.93kg.hm-2,分别只有旱地玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜地的34.8%和33.3%.因此,根据不同土地利用方式下磷输出量的差异及其季节分布特征合理调整土地利用格局,并在暴雨集中期尽量减少施肥和翻耕等农事活动,可以降低农田生态系统磷的输出.     

Seasonal occurrence of the yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) on deepwater rice in Bangladesh and Thailand

Deepwater rice is grown in South and Southeast Asia on 11 million hectares flooded deeply during the monsoon. Surveys for the incidence of stem borers in deepwater rice in Bangladesh from 1977 to 1980, and in Thailand during 1981 and 1982, showed that borer incidence and species composition were remarkably similar. Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) usually comprised more than 90% of the borer population and was almost exclusively present during the main flooding period. Chilo polychrysus (Meyr.) comprised 11% and Sesamia inferens (Walker) 6% of the population in the pre-flood and ripening stages.Low borer activity in the early part of the season was explained by a low nucleus population, the synchronous planting of deepwater rice, and severe moisture stress and high temperatures in the pre-flood period. In Bangladesh, a severe drought in 1979 limited Scirpophaga incertulas populations to unusually low levels until the flowering stage. In Thailand, drier conditions, the lack of an intervening rice crop in the dry season and a longer pre-flood period, appeared to severely restrict early season borer activity. The onset of flooding and stem elongation provided a more favourable environment for S. incertulas. Borer activity increased steadily during the first 3–4 months of flooding, to average 23% damaged stems (26 m^?2) and 13 borer immature stages/100 stems (13 m^?2) by the flowering stage. Borer activity continued at about the same level as the water receded, to reach maximum annual levels of 38–44% damaged stems (35 m^?2) at the late-ripening stage. At harvest, 60% of the fields were at outbreak level (>40% damaged stems). Such high levels of damage are explained by the long growth period of deepwater rice, favourable weather during the flooding period, and the optimum habitat of the elongated stem. S. incertulas populations then crashed to low levels; the larvae entering diapause in the field stubble. Although related to actual damage, the deadheart and whitehead symptoms grossly under-estimated the extent of stem damage.     

长江中下游三大湖泊滩地资源的基本特征及其开发利用

本文重点论述了洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和太湖滩地的发育程度及其差异的原因;根据长期的水文观测资料,分析并列表说明了滩地的水情特点及植被概况。在此基础上,从宏观角度提出了对三湖滩地资源开发与整治的对策。     

河南省水环境污染管理与控制对策

在分析了河南省自然环境、水污染状况的基础上，提出了对水环境污染管理与控制的建议，以及需要采取的一系列措施和策略，为政府制定环境规划，治理水污染，进行目标管理提供参考。     

白洋淀水体、底泥及鲫鱼体内DDT、BHC污染状况研究

对白洋淀水体、底泥及鲫鱼肌肉中的ＤＤＴ及其衍生物和ＢＨＣ的残留量进行了测定研究，分别给出含量范围．研究表明，鱼体肌肉中ＢＨＣ的４种异构体的含量顺序（δ＞α＞γ＞β）与其在水和底泥中的含量顺序（α＞γ＞δ＞β）略有不同．鱼体肌肉中ＤＤＴ主要以代谢物Ｐ，Ｐ′ＤＤＥ形式存在．两种农药的污染具有明显的地域差异，位于府河入淀口及村庄附近的水体、底泥及鱼体肌肉中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物，ＢＨＣ含量较高，与１９７５—１９７７年检测结果相比，鲫鱼肌肉中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物残留量下降了５４２％，ＢＨＣ下降了８６９％．     

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of diene modified analogs of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Matsucoccus</Emphasis> sex pheromones

The biological activity of the Matsucoccus spp. sex pheromones and diene modified analogs has been tested in forests of Israel and Portugal in order to explore the structure-activity relationship of the pine bast scale pheromone/kairomone system. The response of the adult predatory bugs, Elatophilus hebraicus and E. crassicornis and of the brown lacewing, Hemerobius stigma is more selective than that of the conspecific Matsucoccus males. The removal of the terminal methyl group from the diene terminus of both pheromones 1 and 2 eliminates all kairomonal activity but retains moderate pheromonal activity. Addition of a methyl group to the diene terminus of pheromones 1 and 2 sustains full pheromonal and kairomonal activities of the Elatophilus spp. but eliminates entirely the kairomonal activity of H. stigma. Subtle designed alterations in the structure of the diene group, typical of all Matsucoccus pheromones, change the mode of the kairomonal activity markedly.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.