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671.
Paolo F. Ricci Robert E. Laessig Edward R. Glaser 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(3):524-531
ABSTRACT: Residential properties nearby a park-lake system were studied, through time-series, to detect possible changes in the land market during the period between announcement and completion of the impounding reservoir, 1962 to 1973. The time series identifies a period of increases in the values of properties which is concomitant with the announcement of the park-lake. This is followed by a second period characterized by lower prices, which ends in 1970, as construction activities take place. During construction, from 1970 to 1973, property values were found to increase rapidly. 相似文献
672.
In exposures to simulated saline drift generated from a 0.6% (w/w) chloride (Cl)-solution, under controlled environmental conditions, the median effective doses for the occurrence of any salt-induced foliar injury (expressed as microgCl cm(-2) deposited in six hours) were: 2.9 for Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.); 10.3 for white flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.); 43.5 for potato (Solanum tubersum L. cv Superior); 44.2 for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.); 65.1 for sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv Golden Cross Bantam); and, 123 for bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Pinto). Response of bean was a function of total deposition and independent of its rate with multiple (one per day) 6-h exposures but not with exposures less than 6 h where toxicity (per mass of Cl) increased with an increase in the rate of deposition. Toxicity of particles increased with an increase in the concentration of Cl in the solution (1.6 or 5.0% w/w) from which they were generated with bush bean but not with hemlock. Post-exposure periods that cycled between 50 and 855% relative humidity (RH) produced a greater incidence of salt-induced foliar injury than did a regime of constant 85% RH. 相似文献
673.
Edward E. DeMartini Todd W. Anderson Alan M. Friedlander James P. Beets 《Marine Biology》2011,158(11):2437-2447
Group incidence and size are described for recruit parrotfishes, wrasses, and damselfishes on Hawaiian reefs over 3 years
(2006–2008) at sites spanning the archipelago (20–28°N, 155–177°W). Coral-poor and coral-rich areas were surveyed at sites
with both low (Hawaii Island) and high (Midway Atoll) predator densities, facilitating examination of relations among predator
and recruit densities, habitat, and group metrics. Predator and recruit densities varied spatially and temporally, with a
sixfold range in total recruit densities among years. Group (≥2 recruits) metrics varied with time and tracked predator and
recruit densities and the proportion of schooling species. Groups often included heterospecifics whose proportion increased
with group size. A non-saturating relationship between group size and recruit density suggests that the anti-predator benefits
of aggregation exceeded competitive costs. Grouping behavior may have overarching importance for recruit survival–even at
high recruit densities–and merits further study on Hawaiian reefs and elsewhere. 相似文献
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678.
Lyndon Alexander Jordan James Edward Herbert-Read Ashley J. W. Ward 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(3):449-455
When the costs of parental care do not scale with the number of offspring being cared for, inclusion of non-descendant young into broods can be advantageous, leading to systems of alloparental care. However, if the cost of care scales with the number of offspring, selection may act against misdirected parental care. The spiny chromis, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, is a marine fish with extended biparental care, and broods that increase in size over the care period strongly suggest that alloparental care occurs in this species. However, A. polyacanthus parents directly provision their offspring by producing ectodermal mucus for their fry to feed on. The costs of such provisioning may scale with brood size, potentially increasing the costs of parental care. Using wild A. polyacanthus pairs, we tested whether foreign offspring are accepted into established broods, and measured how brood defence effort and mucal feeding scale with brood size. We found that A. polyacanthus discriminate between their own and foreign young, vigorously expelling experimentally introduced foreign offspring. Although defensive effort did not scale with brood size, mucal feeding was strongly dependent on brood size, and this increasing cost of care likely acts as the primary selective force on parental discrimination and rejection of foreign fry in A. polyacanthus. 相似文献
679.
Edward R. Carr Philip M. Wingard Sara C. Yorty Mary C. Thompson Natalie K. Jensen Justin Roberson 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(6):543-555
The DPSIR framework was devised in the late 1990s as a tool for the reporting and analysis of environmental problems, ranging in scale from global systems to localized watersheds. Since then, international organizations have begun to apply this framework to the evaluation of sustainable development initiatives, to better understand and overcome barriers to sustainability. While this may seem a logical application for an integrated environmental assessment tool, the use of DPSIR in sustainable development will likely perpetuate the least satisfactory outcomes of development. DPSIR cannot address the impact of aggregated, informal responses on the drivers and pressures related to environmental problems and sustainability challenges. This problem is not merely an oversight of the framework, but an issue that emerges within the structure of DPSIR itself through the unexamined, unacknowledged hierarchy of actors that this framework implicitly creates with its typology. Therefore, a DPSIR-centered approach is not a new direction for development within international organizations, but instead, a reproduction of existing inequalities between actors and stakeholders within current approaches. 相似文献
680.
Edward Pollard 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(2):143-158
This article addresses two related themes: the response of coastal communities to the impact of environmental processes and
human actions as reflected in archaeology, and threats to the archaeological record emanating from current natural and human
agencies. The geographical context is the entire east coast of Africa, although emphasis is placed on Swahili settlements
in the light of their long-standing dependence upon maritime resources and trading opportunities. Evidence is derived from
documentary sources and field studies with detailed data from Kilwa, Tanzania. Physical conditions are relatively benign,
but threats are identified in adverse weather events, erosion, and sedimentation processes. Knowledge of past climatic impacts
upon shipping is restricted by limited research of the off-shore environment. On-shore, the archaeological record provides
evidence of protective construction work, possibly where erosion precipitated by removal of mangroves. However, unless significant
port investments required safeguarding, relocation of landing area and settlement was principal response to erosion and sedimentation.
Current threats to archaeology are far more significant both from natural processes of marine erosion and vegetation growth
encouraged by urban decline and neglect. Limited legislation and resources are seen as the greatest impediments to investigation
and protection of heritage from urban and tourism inspired development in future. 相似文献