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21.
Environmental factors have long been shown to influence species distributions, with range limits often resulting from environmental
stressors exceeding organism tolerances. However, these abiotic factors may differentially affect species with multiple life-history
stages. Between September 2004 and January 2006, the roles of temperature and nutrient availability in explaining the southern
distributions of two understory kelps, Pterygophora californica and Eisenia arborea (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales), were investigated along the coast of California, USA and the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico,
by limiting either: (a) tissue nitrogen uptake and storage by adult sporophytes during periods of elevated temperature, and/or
(b) production of embryonic sporophytes by microscopic gametophytes. Results suggest that while adult sporophytes of both
species are tolerant of high temperatures and low nutrients, reproduction by their microscopic stages is not. Specifically,
while E. arborea produced embryonic sporophytes at both 12 and 18°C, temperatures commonly observed throughout the southern portion of its
range, P. californica produced sporophytes at 12 but not at 18°C. As a result, it appears that the southern distribution of P. californica, which ends in northern Baja California, Mexico, may be limited by temperature acting on its microscopic stages. In contrast,
the ability of E. arborea’s microscopic and adult stages to tolerate elevated temperatures allows it to persist in the warmer southern waters of Baja
California, as well as to the north along the California coast where both species co-occur. 相似文献
22.
23.
Certain hydrothermal vent invertebrates, e.g. Riftia pachyptila and Calyptogena magnifica, are clearly established as harboring dense populations of chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria in specialized tissues. By contrast, the physiological characteristics of the abundant intracellular gill symbiont of the vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus have been questioned. The low activities of enzymes diagnostic for CO2 fixation (Calvin cycle) and for sulfur-driven energy generation, as measured by other investigators, have been attributed to bacterial contamination of the gill surface. Based on research at the Galápagos Rift hydrothermal vents in 1988 and subsequent laboratory experiments, the current study confirms that the B. thermophilus symbiont is a psychrophile for which thiosulfate and sulfide stimulate CO2 fixation. It strongly indicates that the symbiont is a chemoautotroph by establishing the following: (1) Sulfide and thiosulfate can stimulate CO2 fixation by partially purified symbionts by up to 43-fold and 120-fold, respectively; (2) the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity of the symbiont is sufficient to account for its sulfide- or thiosulfate-stimulated CO2 incorporation; (3) the symbiont's molar growth yield on thiosulfate, as judged by CO2 incorporation, is indistinguishable from that of free-living chemoautotrophs. Due to the high protein-degrading activity of B. thermophilus gill lysate, it is also suggested that host lysis of symbionts plays a more important role in the nutrition of the vent mussel than in R. pachyptila or C. magnifica, for which no comparable protein-degrading activity was found. 相似文献
24.
25.
“Black Spot” a necrotic shell disease in crustacea, is a naturally occurring condition in crabs (Cancer pagurus) and is more common in older animals, where the moult frequency is reduced. The results of field observations in various commercial crab fisheries suggest that the incidence of “Black Spot” shell disease is higher in lightly fished populations (e.g. S. W. Ireland) than in established fisheries, where intensive exploitation results in the removal of larger (older) crabs from the stock. These observations are used to explain suggestions by other workers that the incidence of shell necrosis is high in areas used for dumping sewage sludge where fishing intensity is low. 相似文献
26.
The role of organic solutes in the osmotic adjustment processes of the marine macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link was investigated in 1986, using fresh samples collected from mid-shore rock pools at Tayport, Fife, Scotland. Natural-abundance 13C nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy revealed -dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) to be the only major low molecular weight organic osmolyte present. However, on transfer to a hypersaline medium (300% sea water; 100%=35 S), tissue sucrose and proline levels increased markedly, while DMSP remained constant. Recovery of optimal photosynthetic activity and increases in inorganic ion levels occurred over a similar time scale to the changes in sucrose and proline (within 48 h), indicating that these two organic solutes are involved in hyperosmotic adjustment in E. intestinalis while DMSP is not. Freshly-collected plants transferred to 300% sea water medium in the dark showed no significant increases in organic osmolytes. In contrast, starch-enrichment (16 d continuous illumination) led to enhanced synthesis of sucrose and proline in the light and in darkness, but tissue DMSP levels showed no variation throughout. These observations suggest that DMSP is not involved in short-term osmoacclimation in E. intestinalis. 相似文献
27.
Gunderson MP Bermudez DS Bryan TA Degala S Edwards TM Kools SA Milnes MR Woodward AR Guillette LJ 《Chemosphere》2004,56(4):335-345
This 3-year study was designed to examine variation in plasma sex steroids, phallus size, and the standard error (S.E.) associated with these endpoints in juvenile alligators collected from 3 sites within the Kissimmee-Everglades drainage (Florida, USA) with varying concentrations of sediment organochlorine contaminants. We hypothesized that decreased plasma sex steroid concentrations and phallus size would be observed in the higher contaminant site when compared to the intermediate and lower contaminant sites. Furthermore, we hypothesized that greater S.E. associated with these endpoints would be observed for the populations from more contaminated sites. We found that differences existed with females from the higher contaminant site exhibiting lower plasma estradiol-17beta (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations. Males from the higher contaminant site exhibited smaller phallus sizes than males from the intermediate and lower contaminant sites. Smaller phallus size in this case differed from that reported in Lake Apopka male alligators [Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 116 (1999) 356] in that a significant positive relationship between body size and phallus size existed. No difference among sites was observed in plasma T for males. Lower S.E. was associated with E2 and T concentrations in females from the higher contaminant site and in phallus size in males from the higher contaminant site. This pattern was opposite to what we had hypothesized. We concluded that variation in plasma E2 and T concentrations, phallus size, and the S.E. associated with these endpoints exists among the 3 sites with the patterns matching the patterns of organochlorine contamination, although S.E. patterns were opposite to what was predicted. 相似文献
28.
Simkiss K Davies NA Edwards PA Lawrence MA Taylor MG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,115(1):89-96
A technique is described that uses artificial resin beads with known surface properties to investigate the factors influencing the bioaccumulation of pollutants from sediments. One advantage of this technique is that it provides a standard procedure against which it is possible to calibrate natural sediments with their diverse properties. The method has been used on third instar larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius and the results are compared with previous studies on the worm Lumbriculus variegatus. The use of a standard test using resin beads as a substitute for natural sediment allows comparisons to be made between species and substrates. Thus, the bioaccumulation factors for the midge larvae are much smaller than those of the worm and this correlates with the ability of the insect larva to detoxify many pollutants. It is also possible to use the test to identify if ingestion of the sediment increases the bioaccumulation of contaminants and whether this involves the release of pollutants by digestive processes or not. 相似文献
29.
K R Anderson E L Avol S A Edwards D A Shamoo R C Peng W S Linn J D Hackney 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association》1992,42(6):770-776
Respirable carbon or fly ash particles are suspected to increase the respiratory toxicity of coexisting acidic air pollutants, by concentrating acid on their surfaces and so delivering it efficiently to the lower respiratory tract. To investigate this issue, we exposed 15 healthy and 15 asthmatic volunteers in a controlled-environment chamber (21 degrees C, 50 percent relative humidity) to four test atmospheres: (i) clean air; (ii) 0.5-microns H2SO4 aerosol at approximately 100 micrograms/m3, generated from water solution; (iii) 0.5-microns carbon aerosol at approximately 250 micrograms/m3, generated from highly pure carbon black with specific surface area comparable to ambient pollution particles; and (iv) carbon as in (iii) plus approximately 100 micrograms/m3 of ultrafine H2SO4 aerosol generated from fuming sulfuric acid. Electron microscopy showed that nearly all acid in (iv) became attached to carbon particle surfaces, and that most particles remained in the sub-micron size range. Exposures were performed double-blind, 1 week apart. They lasted 1 hr each, with alternate 10-min periods of heavy exercise (ventilation approximately 50 L/min) and rest. Subjects gargled citrus juice before exposure to suppress airway ammonia. Lung function and symptoms were measured pre-exposure, after initial exercise, and at end-exposure. Bronchial reactivity to methacholine was measured after exposure. Statistical analyses tested for effects of H2SO4 or carbon, separate or interactive, on health measures. Group data showed no more than small equivocal effects of any exposure on any health measure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
30.