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51.
Speranza A Ferri P Battistelli M Falcieri E Crinelli R Scoccianti V 《Chemosphere》2007,66(7):1165-1174
Due to its widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a dangerous environmental pollutant. It is known to inhibit plant growth and development. The present study provides the first evidence of the toxicity of this metal on the male haploid generation of a higher plant. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, supplied as CrCl(3) and CrO(3), respectively, exerted a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on kiwifruit pollen tube emergence and growth. Cr(III) resulted more effective than Cr(VI) in the 16-75microM interval; moreover, complete inhibition of germination was attained at much lower doses than Cr(VI). Also tube morphology was affected. While the plasma membrane was still undamaged in the large majority of the treated pollen grains, dramatic ultrastructural alterations were induced by chromium including chromatin condensation, swelling of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and perturbed arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Thus, it seems that the impact of the two chromium species on kiwifruit pollen may result in severe compromission of both essential structures and functions of the male gametophyte. 相似文献
52.
Mockaitis G Ratusznei SM Rodrigues JA Zaiat M Foresti E 《Journal of environmental management》2006,79(2):198-206
An assessment was made of cheese whey treatment in a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) containing granular biomass. The effect of increasing organic load and decreasing influent alkalinity supplementation (as sodium bicarbonate) was analyzed. The reactor operated on 8-h cycles with influent COD concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L, corresponding to volumetric organic loads of 0.6 to 4.8 mgCOD/L.d. Organic COD removal efficiencies were always above 90% for filtered samples. These results were obtained with an optimized alkalinity supplementation of 50% (ratio between mass of NaHCO3 added and mass of influent mgNaHCO3/mgCOD) in the assays with 500 and 1000 mgCOD/L and of 25% in the assays with 2000 and 4000 mgCOD/L. Initial alkalinity supplementation was equal to the mass of influent COD (100%). The system showed formation of viscous polymer-like substances. These were probably of microbiological origin occurring mainly at influent CODs of 2000 and 4000 mg/L and caused some biomass flotation. This could, however be controlled to enable efficient and stable reactor operation. 相似文献
53.
Renato Baciocchi Giulia Costa Elisabetta Di Bartolomeo Alessandra Polettini Raffaella Pomi 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(12):2994-3003
This work presents the results of a study on accelerated carbonation of incinerator air pollution control residues, with a particular focus on the modifications in the leaching behaviour of the ash. Aqueous carbonation experiments were carried out using 100% CO2 at different temperatures, pressures and liquid-to-solid ratios, in order to assess their influence on process kinetics, CO2 uptake and the leaching behaviour of major and trace elements. The ash showed a particularly high reactivity towards CO2, owing to the abundance of calcium hydroxides phases, with a maximum CO2 uptake of ~250 g/kg. The main effects of carbonation on trace metal leaching involved a significant decrease in mobility for Pb, Zn and Cu at high pH values, a slight change or mobilization for Cr and Sb, and no major effects on the release of As and soluble salts. Geochemical modelling of leachates indicated solubility control by different minerals after carbonation. In particular, in the stability pH range of carbonates, solubility control by a number of metal carbonates was clearly suggested by modelling results. These findings indicate that accelerated carbonation of incinerator ashes has the potential to convert trace contaminants into sparingly soluble carbonate forms, with an overall positive effect on their leaching behaviour. 相似文献
54.
J. I. Morán V. P. Cyras A. Vázquez M. L. Foresti 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):217-224
The present investigation was undertaken to characterize the biodegradation pattern of chemically modified starch films. Chemically
modified starch films obtained by esterification of the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide have shown lower water sorption
than native starch films, being therefore more attractive for a number of processing applications. However, no systematic
study characterizing their biodegradation behavior and comparing it with the degradation pattern of native starch films has
still been published. In the current contribution we characterized the enzymatic degradation pattern of three derivatized
starch films by use of a commercial α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis. Optimum degradation conditions were chosen upon assaying the effect of enzyme load and temperature on the reaction course
of native starch films. Under the conditions selected, comparison of different derivatization procedures revealed that the
starch film modified with octanoyl chloride was enzymatically hydrolyzed at a much higher rate than native starch film. Maleated
starch films also showed higher susceptibility to α-amylolytic hydrolysis than native starch, whereas acetylated starch showed
a hydrolysis pattern similar to that of native starch. Differences in degradation rates of chemically modified films were
explained in terms of their amylose content which promotes dense networks that hinder the access of starch-degrading enzymes. 相似文献
55.
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57.
The aim of the present work was to develop a new bioassay involving the presence of phytochelatins (PCs), detoxifying intracellular metal-binding peptides, in microalgae as response to metal bioavailability in re-suspensions of metal-polluted marine sediments. For this purpose, the synthesis of PCs has been studied in laboratory cultures of three marine diatoms, namely Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Skeletonema costatum, exposed to elutriates of sediments collected in a polluted coastal area in the province of Pisa (Tuscany, Italy). Short- and long-term incubations in the elutriates of two marine sediments (named A and B) exhibited an increase of PCs synthesis in all the phytoplanktonic species examined, when the elutriate concentration increased from 0% to 100%. Elutriate B, which was mainly contaminated by Cd, was shown to be more effective to induce PCs than elutriate A, which was richer in Cu and TOC. The results show that the PCs response, in the microalgae examined, was species-specific. Our data also show that the PCs synthesis occurred before the growth rate was affected, thereby indicating that PCs can be considered as an early warning response of metal exposure. The PCs response in exponentially growing cultures of T. weissflogii, which was found to be the most sensitive alga, increased when the initial cellular density decreased. Finally, the positive relationship obtained between the cellular PCs concentration in T. weissflogii and the degree of metal contamination of the elutriates from twelve sediments collected in a metal-polluted coastal area, confirmed that the PCs-induction test can be applied in field studies. In conclusion, the response of these marine microalgae suggests that these cellular peptides could represent an excellent biomarker of metal exposure, which is useful for the assessment of sediment toxicity, by carrying out PCs-induction tests on sediment elutriates. 相似文献
58.
Belviso Claudia Montano Pietro Lettino Antonio Toschi Francesco Lambertini Vito Guido Veca Antonino D. Moschetto Elisabetta Cavalcante Francesco Guarnaccio Ambra 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(3):965-975
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this work, the effectiveness of a rapid recycling method of waste polypropylene (WPP) with the addition of inorganic fillers was investigated.... 相似文献
59.
Genetic and DNA-methylation changes induced by potassium dichromate in Brassica napus L 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Labra M Grassi F Imazio S Di Fabio T Citterio S Sgorbati S Agradi E 《Chemosphere》2004,54(8):1049-1058
This study evaluated genetic and DNA methylation alteration induced by potassium dichromate in Brassica napus L. plants. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and selective amplification of polymorphic loci (SAMPL) tests revealed dose-related increases in sequence alterations in plantlets exposed to 10-200 mg/l potassium dichromate. Individual plantlets exposed to chromium under similar conditions showed different AFLP and SAMPL DNA profiles. These observations suggest random DNA mutation in response to potassium dichromate and argue against preferential sites for mutation. DNA methylation changes in response to chromium treatment were also evaluated. Two complementary approaches were applied: (i) immunolabelling, using a monoclonal antibody against 5-methylcytosine; and (ii) methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP). Immunolabelling showed cytosine-hypermethylation in the Brassica napus L. genome when plants were treated with potassium dichromate. MSAP analysis showed extensive methylation changes in CCGG-sequences, with the net result being genome-wide hypermethylation. These results showed a clear DNA alteration in plants as a response to chromium exposure and the effect was dose-dependent. DNA polymorphism detected by different markers supports the effectiveness of the use of these tools for the investigation of environmental toxicology and for evaluating the concentration of pollutants by DNA analysis in plants. 相似文献
60.
Falini G Foresti E Gazzano M Gualtieri AF Lesci IG Pecchini G Renna E Roveri N 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(4):654-660
A new method for the determination of free fibres of chrysotile in contaminated soils is described. The detection limit of 0.5 wt per thousand is reached by an enrichment process of the asbestos fraction of the sample using a standard laboratory elutriator for sedimentation analysis. The analysis of the enriched fraction is performed by X-ray powder diffraction using a conventional instrument. The procedure can be successfully applied to several soils of different nature throughout thermal treatment and removal of possible interferences due to some matrix components. This method is straightforward, routinized and has been especially developed to fulfil the request of public and private institutions for an appropriate quantitative determination of chrysotile free fibres in contaminated soils. 相似文献