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991.
Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Xue Li Lope G. Tabil Satyanarayan Panigrahi 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(1):25-33
Studies on the use of natural fibers as replacement to man-made fiber in fiber-reinforced composites have increased and opened
up further industrial possibilities. Natural fibers have the advantages of low density, low cost, and biodegradability. However,
the main disadvantages of natural fibers in composites are the poor compatibility between fiber and matrix and the relative
high moisture sorption. Therefore, chemical treatments are considered in modifying the fiber surface properties.
In this paper, the different chemical modifications on natural fibers for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites are reviewed.
Chemical treatments including alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, acrylation, maleated coupling agents, isocyanates,
permanganate and others are discussed. The chemical treatment of fiber aimed at improving the adhesion between the fiber surface
and the polymer matrix may not only modify the fiber surface but also increase fiber strength. Water absorption of composites
is reduced and their mechanical properties are improved. 相似文献
992.
Status of recycling end-of-life vehicles and efforts to reduce automobile shredder residues in Korea
Hyun-Tae Joung Sung-Jin Cho Yong-Chil Seo Woo-Hyun Kim 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):159-166
The present end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycle rate and management status during the dismantling stage were investigated to
aid the establishment of policies for the management of ELVs by surveying information and using the results gained from questionnaires
given to dismantlers. The average recycle rate at the dismantling stage was 44% of the mass of a new vehicle and the rest
of the ELV was then compressed and transported to shredding companies to recover mainly the iron content, which averaged 38.7%
of the mass of a new vehicle. Nonferrous metals such as copper, antimony, zinc, and aluminum accounted for only 1.5%. The
automobile shredder residues (ASRs) were composed of light and heavy fluffs and soil/dust and amounted to 15.8% based on the
mass of a new vehicle. The dumping of fluff and inorganic residues in landfill sites, however, will be restricted when new
regulations are implemented to reduce the disposal amount to less than 5% of a new car, as has been done in European countries
and in Japan. The detailed characteristics of ASR were investigated to suggest appropriate means of treatment such as volume
reduction or the utilization of thermal technologies to meet future expected enforcement. Also, some concerns on hazardous
pollutant release such as that of dioxins while utilizing such thermal treatment methods were considered. The present on-going
research and development projects to meet such future management targets are also introduced. 相似文献
993.
Yuichi Moriguchi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):112-120
This article reviews recent progress in material flow analysis and its use in providing resource productivity indicators and
is based on developments in Japanese policy toward a sound material-cycle society and in international forums such as within
the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, covering both institutional and methodological issues. Indicators
derived from economy-wide material flow accounts such as direct material inputs are useful to demonstrate the absolute size
of a physical economy and to reinforce the need to both reduce consumption of natural resources and limit waste generation.
Interpretation of material flows as resources and potential environmental impacts is discussed, and linkages between the size
of material flows and specific environmental impacts and damage must be further elaborated for use in environmental policy.
Lessons learned from the practical use of resource productivity indicators are also discussed. Additional indicators are needed
that can be used to evaluate the performance of microeconomic contributors. The need for an integrated approach that links
upstream resource issues and downstream waste issues through the 3Rs concept or the circular economy/society concept is attracting
increasing attention. Consequently, the accumulation of reliable scientific knowledge and data in this field in a fully international
context is essential. 相似文献
994.
H. Cornier-Ríos P. A. Sundaram J. T. Celorie 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(1):51-56
Recycled plastics are considered low performance materials because their properties are expected to decrease drastically with
recycling. The objective of this study was to characterize a 15 wt.% glass filled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET-15GF) using
six recycle generations and four recycle ratios. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elastic modulus, and percent
elongation to failure of the PET composite were determined for various recycle generations and recycle ratios. Results show
that the mechanical properties of rPET-15GF decrease slightly per recycle generation. In contrast, thermal properties of rPET-15GF
were not at all affected by the recycling process. This data demonstrates that recycled glass filled PET can be used effectively
to fabricate components without significantly affecting their mechanical performance. 相似文献
995.
Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone Powders Proposed as Reference Test Materials for International Standard of Biodegradation Evaluation Method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masahiro Funabashi Fumi Ninomiya Masao Kunioka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(1):7-17
Polycaprolactone (PCL) powders were prepared from PCL pellets using a rotation mechanical mixer. PCL powders were separated
by sieves with 60 and 120 meshes into four classes; 0–125 μm, 125–250 μm, 0–250 μm and 250–500 μm. Biodegradation tests of
PCL powders and cellulose powders in an aqueous solution at 25°C were performed using the coulometer according to ISO 14851.
Biodegradation tests of PCL powders and cellulose powders in controlled compost at 58°C were performed by the Mitsui Chemical
Analysis and Consulting Service, Inc. according to ISO 14855-1 and by using the Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer (MODA)
instrument according to ISO/DIS 14855-2. PCL powders were faster biodegraded than cellulose powders. The reproducibility of
biodegradation of PCL powders is excellent. Differences in the biodegradation of PCL powders with different class were not
observed by the ISO 14851 and ISO/DIS 14855-2. An enzymatic degradation test of PCL powders with different class was studied
using an enzyme of Amano Lipase PS. PCL with smaller particle size was faster degraded by the enzyme. PCL powders with regulated sizes from 125 μm to 250 μm
are proposed as a reference material for the biodegradation test. 相似文献
996.
Thomas B. Boving Stanley M. Barnett Gustavo Perez William J. Blanford John E. McCray 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2007,17(3):21-36
Cyclodextrin‐enhanced flushing of contaminants from the subsurface is a promising innovative remediation technology. It will become more economically viable at more sites if methods can be developed to recover and reconcentrate the cyclodextrin solution after it has been flushed through an aquifer. The goal of this study was to determine if membrane technology is capable of meeting that need. Five membranes with different material properties were tested for this purpose in the laboratory. The results of these tests indicate that there are large differences both in the efficiency of these membranes to extract hydroxpropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) and their stability when exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) at concentrations near aqueous solubility. Not only does the molecular weigh cutoff (MWCO) of a membrane determine if HPCD can be retained, but crucial selection criteria are the membrane's resistance and compatibility with TCE. Of the five membrane materials tested, only two (polymer composite membrane and polysulfone) met both these requirements. The polymer composite membrane (MPF‐44) showed reliable and stable HPCD recoveries (>95 percent) even when exposed to high TCE concentrations. The polysulfone membrane showed high HPCD recoveries, 88.5 ± 0.4 percent to 97 percent ±1 percent for ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes, respectively. However, membrane swelling and deterioration became a problem at high TCE concentrations (>1,000 mg/L). These problems diminished when the TCE concentration was less than 1 mg/L. Field tests demonstrated that batch mode treatment by ultrafiltration doubled the cyclodextrin concentration from 5 to 10 percent within three hours at a constant operating pressure of 13 psi. Under continuous single‐pass treatment conditions, cyclodextrin concentration also increased, although the rate of increase was much smaller than in batch mode. Overall, these tests showed that cyclodextrin recovery is possible under field conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
997.
J. L. Bardasano J. Álvarez-Ude I. Gutiérrez M. Raposo R. Goya 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):519-523
Objectives This paper aims to provide evidence of an inductive electromagnetic bioeffect on the human brain, which is independent from
sound waves and produced by mobile phones, in proximal field, through correlating the EEG data obtained from electrodes placed
on both normal and cochlear deaf individuals.
Methods Two groups of subjects are placed under controlled electromagnetic conditions inside a Faraday chamber, 12 healthy and another
12 suffering from cochlear deafness). Each is sitting on a chair, fitted with additional support, and holding a cellular phone
2 cm away form the right auricular, in order to avoid a thermal effect as much as possible. All of them, relaxed and with
their eyes closed, are EEG recorded in a basal state with their mobile phones off. Then, each of them is again recorded under
the same conditions but with the mobile on and listening to the same conversation. In order to assess the observed EEG changes,
a statistical analysis by means of the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) was carried out.
Results For both, healthy and cochlear deaf, assimilation or integration of the mobile phone signal by some electrodes is to be found.
This is due to the increase of amplitudes for alpha and theta waves, whereas the signal is not integrated in other electrodes.
By correlating the spectra of frequencies of corresponding EEG records for the same brain areas, we have not observed significative
differences for both groups.
Conclusions A possible electromagnetic direct inductive, non-thermal, bioeffect on the human brain is observed. This effect is produced
by the use of mobile phones and it bears no relation to the sound waves. 相似文献
998.
999.
1000.
Annika Porsborg Nielsen Jesper Lassen Peter Sandøe 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):13-35
Over recent decades, public participation in technology assessment has spread internationally as an attempt to overcome or
prevent societal conflicts over controversial technologies. One outcome of this new surge in public consultation initiatives
has been the increased use of participatory consensus conferences in a number of countries. Existing evaluations of consensus
conferences tend to focus on the modes of organization, as well as the outcomes, both procedural and substantial, of the conferences
they examine. Such evaluations seem to rest on the assumption that this type of procedure has universally agreed goals and
meanings, and that therefore consensus conferences can readily be interpreted and applied across national boundaries. This
article challenges this approach to consensus conferences. The core of the article is a study of national differences in ideas
about what constitutes legitimate goals for participatory arrangements. The study looks at three consensus conferences on
GMOs, which took place in France, Norway, and Denmark. Drawing on this study, the article discusses the ways in which interpretations
of the concept of participation; the value attributed to lay knowledge vs. technical expertise; as well as ideas about the
role of the layperson, are all questions that prompt entirely different answers from country to country. Further, the article
analyses these national differences within a theoretical framework of notions of democratic legitimacy. 相似文献