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121.
122.
Two field studies of interpersonal conflict in organizations and a simulated dyadic negotiation show that problem solving and forcing are frequently combined simultaneously and sequentially. As a robust finding, conglomerations of problem solving and forcing appear to enhance the parties' joint effectiveness. The best substantive and relational outcomes for the organization are reached through forcing followed by problem solving. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
123.
Fu-Lin Evelyn Chu Eric D. Lund Paul R. Littreal Kate E. Ruck Ellen Harvey Jean-René Le Coz Yanic Marty Jeanne Moal Philippe Soudant 《Marine Biology》2008,156(2):155-169
The kinetics and efficiency of sterol production and bioconversion of phytosterols in two heterotrophic protists Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans were examined by feeding them two different algal species (Rhodomonas salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta) differing in sterol profiles. R. salina contains predominantly brassicasterol (?99%) and <2% cholesterol. The major sterols in D. tertiolecta are ergosterol (45–49%), 7-dehydroporiferasterol (29–31%) and fungisterol (21–26%). O. marina fed R. salina metabolized dietary brassicasterol to produce 22-dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol. O. marina fed D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to produce cholesterol, 22-dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol. G. dominans fed either R. salina or D. tertiolecta metabolized dietary sterols to make cholesterol, brassicasterol and a series of unknown sterols. When protists were fed R. salina, which contains cholesterol, the levels of cholesterol were increased to a magnitude of nearly 5- to 30-fold at the phytoplankton-heterotrophic protist interface, equivalent to a production of 172.5 ± 16.2 and 987.7 ± 377.7 ng cholesterol per mg R. salina carbon consumed by O. marina and G. dominans, respectively. When protists were fed D. tertiolecta, which contains no cholesterol, a net production of cholesterol by the protists ranged from 123.2 ± 30.6 to 871.8 ± 130.8 ng per mg algal C consumed. Cholesterol is not only the dominant sterol, but a critical precursor for many physiologically functional biochemicals in higher animal. As intermediates, these heterotrophic protists increase the amount of cholesterol at the phytoplankton–zooplankton interface available to higher trophic levels relative to zooplankton feeding on algae directly. 相似文献
124.
Christian Bjerregaard-Olesen Manhai Long Mandana Ghisari Bodil H Bech Ellen A Nohr Niels Uldbjerg Tine B Henriksen Jørn Olsen Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(20):16592-16603
The use of the lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been prohibited for more than 30 years. In this study, we present the temporal trends of the lipophilic POP serum concentrations in Danish nulliparous pregnant women between 2011 and 2013. We randomly selected 197 pregnant women (gestational age 11–13) from the Aarhus Birth Cohort. The concentrations of the lipophilic POPs in the serum samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. The concentrations were corrected for total serum lipids. The statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis with adjustment for age, BMI, gestational age at blood draw, and smoking status. The serum concentrations of PCB 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 187, and hexachlorobenzen, trans-nonachlor, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were lower in 2013 than in 2011. However, the oxychlordane concentration was lowest in 2011. The serum levels of most lipophilic POPs followed downward trends during the study period, which was expected, as these compounds has been banned for many years. The upward trend of oxychlordane was unexpected and presumably a chance finding. 相似文献
125.
Ellen van Holstein 《Local Environment》2017,22(10):1159-1173
This paper sheds critical light on the motivations and practices of community gardeners in relatively affluent neighbourhoods. The paper engages with community garden, alternative food and domestic garden literatures, to understand how people fit food production into their everyday lives, how they develop relationships to plants and how these in turn shape relations between people in a community group. The paper draws on participant observation and semi-structured walking interviews conducted at three community gardens in Sydney, Australia. The paper concludes that to fit community gardening into busy lives, people strategically choose plants with biophysical qualities that suit personal as well as communal circumstances and objectives. The paper shows how community is relationally constituted through the practices of growing and sharing food. Tensions might arise through the practices of growing food on communal and private plots and the taking and giving of food, but it can also encourage people to reflect on community food production and on their roles as individuals in a community group. 相似文献
126.
Depth and muscle temperature of Pacific bluefin tuna examined with acoustic and pop-up satellite archival tags 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David J. Marcinek Susanna B. Blackwell Heidi Dewar Ellen V. Freund Charles Farwell Daniel Dau Andrew C. Seitz Barbara A. Block 《Marine Biology》2001,138(4):869-885
Six Pacific bluefin tuna were tracked with ultrasonic telemetry and two with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) in the
eastern Pacific Ocean in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Both pressure and temperature ultrasonic transmitters were used to examine
the behavior of the 2- to 4-year-old bluefin tuna. The bluefin spent over 80% of their time in the top 40 m of the water column
and made occasional dives into deeper, cooler water. The mean slow-oxidative muscle temperatures of three fish instrumented
with pressure and temperature transmitters were 22.0–26.1 °C in water temperatures that averaged 15.7–17.5 °C. The thermal
excesses in slow-oxidative muscle averaged 6.2–8.6 °C. Variation in the temperature of the slow-oxidative muscle in the bluefin
was not correlated with water temperature or swimming speeds. For comparison with the acoustic tracking data we examined the
depth and ambient temperature of two Pacific bluefin tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags for 24 and 52 days. The PSAT
data sets show depth and temperature distributions of the bluefin tuna similar to the acoustic data set. Swimming speeds calculated
from horizontal distances with the acoustic data indicate the fish mean speeds were 1.1–1.4 fork lengths/s (FL s−1). These Pacific bluefin spent the majority of their time in the top parts of the water column in the eastern Pacific Ocean
in a pattern similar to that observed for yellowfin tuna.
Received: 4 April 2000 / Accepted: 25 October 2000 相似文献
127.
Two surface soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) collected from Superfund sites in the New England region of the United States, Fletcher Paints and Merrimack Industrial Metals, were evaluated for field treatment at the bench level using catalyzed H2O2 propagations (CHP—modified Fenton’s reagent). The two soils were first evaluated for the potential for in situ treatment based on two criteria: (1) temperature (<40 °C after CHP reagent addition), and (2) hydrogen peroxide longevity (>24 h). In situ CHP remediation was more applicable to the Fletcher soil, while the Merrimack soil was better suited to ex situ treatment based on temperature increases and hydrogen peroxide lifetimes. Using the highest hydrogen peroxide concentrations appropriate for in situ treatment in each soil, PCB destruction was 94% in the Fletcher soil but only 48% in the Merrimack soil. However, 98% PCB destruction was achieved in the Merrimack soil using conditions more applicable to ex situ treatment (higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations with temperatures >40 °C). Analysis of degradation products by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy showed no detectable chlorinated degradation products, suggesting that the products of PCB oxidation were rapidly dechlorinated and degraded. The results of this research document that the two PCB-contaminated soils studied can be effectively treated using aggressive CHP conditions, and that such a detailed bench study provides important information before implementing field treatment. 相似文献
128.
Leat EH Bourgeon S Borgå K Strøm H Hanssen SA Gabrielsen GW Petersen A Olafsdottir K Magnusdottir E Fisk AT Ellis S Bustnes JO Furness RW 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1222-1228
Concentrations of POPs in Great skua eggs from Shetland are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 11,600 μg/kg (ww) DDE and up to 17,900 μg/kg ww ∑PCB. Concentrations of legacy POPs were significantly lower in 2008 than 1980. Decreases were greatest for least persistent compounds. Median ∑PBDEs increased from 99 μg/kg ww in 1980 to 173 μg/kg ww in 2008. There were changes in Great skua breeding season diet, with more adult Herring and Mackerel and less Sandeel. These changes increase exposure to POPs, since Herring and Mackerel accumulate more POPs than Sandeels. In both years, eggs with higher δ15N had higher POP concentrations. In 1980, birds feeding more on demersal discard fish from trawl fisheries and less on Sandeels, had higher POP levels in eggs. In 2008, individuals feeding more on Herring and Mackerel, and less on discards, had higher POP levels in eggs. 相似文献
129.
Hinck JE Norstrom RJ Orazio CE Schmitt CJ Tillitt DE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):582-591
Organochlorine pesticide and total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were measured in largemouth bass from the Tombigbee River near a former DDT manufacturing facility at McIntosh, Alabama. Evaluation of mean p,p′- and o,p′-DDT isomer concentrations and o,p′- versus p,p′-isomer proportions in McIntosh bass indicated that DDT is moving off site from the facility and into the Tombigbee River. Concentrations of p,p′-DDT isomers in McIntosh bass remained unchanged from 1974 to 2004 and were four times greater than contemporary concentrations from a national program. Total DDT in McIntosh bass exceeded dietary effect concentrations developed for bald eagle and osprey. Hexachlorobenzene, PCBs, and toxaphene concentrations in bass from McIntosh also exceeded thresholds to protect fish and piscivorous wildlife. Whereas concentrations of DDT and most other organochlorine chemicals in fish have generally declined in the U.S. since their ban, concentrations of DDT in fish from McIntosh remain elevated and represent a threat to wildlife. 相似文献
130.
Sue Ellen Haupt Anke Beyer-Lout Kerrie J. Long George S. Young 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1329-1338
Assimilating concentration data into an atmospheric transport and dispersion model can provide information to improve downwind concentration forecasts. The forecast model is typically a one-way coupled set of equations: the meteorological equations impact the concentration, but the concentration does not generally affect the meteorological field. Thus, indirect methods of using concentration data to influence the meteorological variables are required. The problem studied here involves a simple wind field forcing Gaussian dispersion. Two methods of assimilating concentration data to infer the wind direction are demonstrated. The first method is Lagrangian in nature and treats the puff as an entity using feature extraction coupled with nudging. The second method is an Eulerian field approach akin to traditional variational approaches, but minimizes the error by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to directly optimize the match between observations and predictions. Both methods show success at inferring the wind field. The GA-variational method, however, is more accurate but requires more computational time. Dynamic assimilation of a continuous release modeled by a Gaussian plume is also demonstrated using the genetic algorithm approach. 相似文献