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101.
Ribé V Nehrenheim E Odlare M Gustavsson L Berglind R Forsberg A 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(10):1886-1894
When selecting a landfill leachate treatment method the contaminant composition of the leachate should be considered in order to obtain the most cost-effective treatment option. In this study the filter material pine bark was evaluated as a treatment for five landfill leachates originating from different cells of the same landfill in Sweden. The objective of the study was to determine the uptake, or release, of metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during a leaching test using the pine bark filter material with the five different landfill leachates. Furthermore the change of toxicity after treatment was studied using a battery of aquatic bioassays assessing luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) acute toxicity (30-min Microtox®), immobility of the crustacean Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic plant Lemna minor; and genotoxicity with the bacterial Umu-C assay. The results from the toxicity tests and the chemical analysis were analyzed in a Principal Component Analysis and the toxicity of the samples before and after treatment was evaluated in a toxicity classification. The pine bark filter material reduced the concentrations of metal contaminants from the landfill leachates in the study, with some exceptions for Cu and Cd. The Zn uptake of the filter was high for heavily contaminated leachates (≥73%), although some desorption of zinc occurred in less contaminated waters. Some of the leachates may require further treatment due to discharge into a natural recipient in order to reduce the risk of possible biological effects. The difference in pH changes between the different leachates was probably due to variations in buffering capacity, affected by physicochemical properties of the leachate. The greatest desorption of phenol during filtration occurred in leachates with high conductivity or elevated levels of metals or salts. Generally, the toxicity classification of the leachates implies that although filter treatment with pine bark removes metal contaminants from the leachates effectively, it does not alter leachate toxicity noticeably. The leachates with the highest conductivity, pH and metal concentrations are most strongly correlated with an increased toxic response in the score plots of both untreated and treated leachates. This is in line with the toxicity classification of the leachate samples. The results from this study highlight the importance of evaluating treatment efficiency from the perspective of potential recipient effects, rather than in terms of residual concentrations of individual contaminants when treating waters with a complex contamination matrix, such as landfill leachates. 相似文献
102.
The dynamics of heavy metals in plant-soil interactions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of soil contamination by heavy metals are studied by a mathematical interaction model, validated by experimental results. The model relates the dynamics of uptake of heavy metals from soil to plants. The model successfully fitted the experimental data and made it possible to predict the threshold values of total mortality. Data are taken from soil with Cd, Cu and Zn treatments for alfalfa, lettuce, radish and Thlaspi caerulescens, measuring the concentrations in the aboveground biomass of plants. At low concentrations, the effects of heavy metals are moderate, and the dynamics seem to be linear. However, increasing concentrations exhibit nonlinear behaviors. 相似文献
103.
Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems.
Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative
approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension
approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In
this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based
approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared
understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention
is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations.
Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive
management processes is examined. 相似文献
104.
Emma Terama Ben Milligan Rafael Jiménez-Aybar Georgina M. Mace Paul Ekins 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(6):945-950
National and international efforts to develop natural capital accounts are proliferating. The newly agreed 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development echoes these efforts. Continued cooperation is needed to overcome key scientific and policy challenges. 相似文献
105.
Organic contaminants constitute one of many stressors that deteriorate the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. When managing environmental problems in this marine environment, it may be necessary to consider the interactions between various stressors to ensure that averting one problem does not exacerbate another. A novel modeling tool, BALTSEM-POP, is presented here that simulates interactions between climate forcing, hydrodynamic conditions, and water exchange, biogeochemical cycling, and organic contaminant transport and fate in the Baltic Sea. We discuss opportunities to use the model to support different aspects of chemicals management. We exemplify these opportunities with a case study where two emission-reduction strategies for a chemical used in personal care products (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) are evaluated, and where the confounding influence of future climate change and eutrophication on the impact of the emission-reduction strategies are assessed. 相似文献
106.
A method has been developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk using solvent extraction, Florisil solid phase extraction clean-up and analysis by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The recovery of analytes from spiked milk samples was in the range 53 +/- 1% to 109 +/- 7% (n = 9). A small number of samples were obtained from women in a rural and an urban area of Indonesia and analysed using the developed method. The results are reported on a milk fat basis. All samples contained detectable residues of p,p'-DDT (urban mean 0.11 +/- 0.18 mgkg(-1) (n = 5), rural mean 0.07 +/- 0.03 mg kg(-1) (n = 5)) and p,p'-DDE (urban mean 0.05 +/- 0.04 m kg(-1) (n = 5), rural mean 0.76 +/- 1.46 mg kg(-1) (n = 5)). Residues of HCB, betaHCH, alpha-endosulfan and dieldrin were also detected in some samples. There was no significant difference (at the 95% confidence level) in levels of pesticides between urban and rural areas. The levels of organochlorine pesticides in milk from Indonesian women were lower than those reported from Indonesian women exposed to DDT through malaria eradication schemes and were similar to levels reported from UK and Japan. 相似文献
107.
J Kevin Hiers Joseph J O'Brien Rodney E Will Robert J Mitchell 《Ecological applications》2007,17(3):806-814
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands and savannas are among the most frequently burned ecosystems in the world with fire return intervals of 1-10 years. This fire regime has maintained high levels of biodiversity in terms of both species richness and endemism. Land use changes have reduced the area of this ecosystem by >95%, and inadequate fire frequencies threaten many of the remnants today. In the absence of frequent fire, rapid colonization of hardwoods and shrubs occurs, and a broad-leaved midstory develops. This midstory encroachment has been the focus of much research and management concern, largely based on the assumption that the midstory reduces understory plant diversity through direction competition via light interception. The general application of this mechanism of degradation is questionable, however, because midstory density, leaf area, and hardwood species composition vary substantially along a soil moisture gradient from mesic to extremely xeric sites. Reanalysis of recently reported data from xeric longleaf pine communities suggests that the development of the forest floor, a less conspicuous change in forest structure, might cause a decline in plant biodiversity when forests remain unburned. We report here a test of the interactions among fire, litter accumulation, forest floor development, and midstory canopy density on understory plant diversity. Structural equation modeling showed that within xeric sites, forest floor development was the primary factor explaining decreased biodiversity. The only effects of midstory development on biodiversity were those mediated through forest floor development. Boundary line analysis of functional guilds of understory plants showed sensitivity to even minor development of the forest floor in the absence of fire. These results challenge the prevailing management paradigm and suggest that within xeric longleaf pine communities, the primary focus of managed fire regime should be directed toward the restoration of forest floor characteristics rather than the introduction of high-intensity fires used to regulate midstory structure. 相似文献
108.
Williamson K Gilbert L Rutstein AN Pariser EC Graves JA 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(12):1143-1148
Reproduction in opportunistically breeding bird species has traditionally been considered non-seasonal with individuals taking
advantage of favourable environmental conditions as they arise. However, some studies imply that this opportunistic breeding
may be superimposed on an underlying seasonality, which has effects on the readiness to breed when conditions are favourable.
The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is the classic opportunistic breeder and widely used as such in studies. In a series of laboratory-based breeding experiments,
we found evidence to suggest that there are seasonal differences in maternal reproductive investment in the zebra finch even
when photoperiod, temperature, relative humidity and diet were held constant. Females showed highly significant seasonal differences
in clutch size and egg mass with laying order. Clutch size showed a spring/summer peak typical of multi-brooded species in
the wild. There was also a significant increase in egg mass with laying order in all seasons except winter. This variation
in breeding parameters with season may allow females to adjust investment depending on the potential fitness returns from
a given reproductive attempt. These findings also raise a warning about interpreting results of multiple zebra finch breeding
experiments that have been carried out in different seasons. 相似文献
109.
110.
To determine whether solicitation by blue-footed booby chicks accurately encodes their need for food, we independently manipulated
the body condition and recent food ingestion of singleton chicks and recorded three measures of begging. Variations in the
three measures of begging covaried only partially, but in general, chicks begged more intensely when they were in poor body
condition and also when suffering recent food deprivation. Effects of body condition and recent food deprivation on begging
were broadly additive, although deprived chicks in poor condition failed to beg more intensely than those in good condition.
Protracted short-term deprivation may create such a high level of need that the body condition component of need becomes temporarily
unimportant. Parents more frequently fed chicks that begged more intensely, chicks in poor condition, and chicks suffering
food deprivation. Deprived chicks in poor condition received more food than deprived chicks in normal condition even though
they did not beg more intensely, possibly because parents responded not only to current begging but also to begging earlier
in the day, or to other cues to body condition. These results support the hypothesis that begging of boobies represents honest
signaling of need. 相似文献