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51.
52.
Kerry Uzendoski Esther Maksymovitch Paul Verrell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1993,32(6):421-427
Summary Natural populations of mountain dusky salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae), may experience two types of risk during courtship encounters: interspecific predation, affecting both sexes, and intraspecific competition for mates, affecting males. We conducted two experiments in the laboratory to determine whether and how these two risks influence the outcome of male-female encounters. In experiment 1, courtship interactions resulting in spermatophore deposition were inhibited in the presence of a restrained species of salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) known to prey on D. ochrophaeus. Probability of successful courtship was not affected by the presence of a restrained species that is not predatory (Plethodon teyahalee). In experiment 2, courtship interactions resulting in spermatophore deposition were inhibited in the presence of two restrained conspecific males, but were unaffected in the presence of a single restrained male. We conclude that the dual risks of predation and intrasexual competition for mates have been significant selective factors in shaping the evolution of courtship decisions in Desmognathus ochrophaeus.
Correspondence to: P. Verrell 相似文献
53.
Esther Cascarosa Alessio Boldrin Thomas Astrup 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2501-2508
Meat-and-bone-meal (MBM) produced from animal waste has become an increasingly important residual fraction needing management. As biodegradable waste is routed away from landfills, thermo-chemical treatments of MBM are considered promising solution for the future. Pyrolysis and gasification of MBM were assessed based on data from three experimental lab and pilot-scale plants. Energy balances were established for the three technologies, providing different outcomes for energy recovery: bio-oil was the main product for the pyrolysis system, while syngas and a solid fraction of biochar were the main products in the gasification system. These products can be used – eventually after upgrading – for energy production, thereby offsetting energy production elsewhere in the system. Greenhouse gases (GHG) accounting of the technologies showed that all three options provided overall GHG savings in the order of 600–1000 kg CO2-eq. per Mg of MBM treated, mainly as a consequence of avoided fossil fuel consumption in the energy sector. Local conditions influencing the environmental performance of the three systems were identified, together with critical factors to be considered during decision-making regarding MBM management. 相似文献
54.
Doan Nainggolan Mette Termansen Mark S. Reed Esther D. Cebollero Klaus Hubacek 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):601-614
Farming communities are increasingly expected to manage their agricultural activities in ways that ensure sustainable flows of a wide range of ecosystem services for society. The land use and management choices that farmers make are dependent upon their socio-economic characteristics and background, and in turn have important implications for the landscape and associated ecosystem services. Thus, a better understanding about the linkages between the characteristics of farmers, farm management and land use is important for managing multifunctional agro-ecosystems. In this paper, we first develop a typology of farmers for Torrealvilla catchment in Murcia, Spain, according to the characteristics of their households and farm management (e.g. the farmer’s age, household income, water access, land tenure and farm labour). This analysis distinguishes six types of farmers. Secondly, we analyse the link between farmer typology and the farmers’ responses to a number of scenarios. The scenarios describe different likely changes to agriculture in the catchment in terms of environmental constraints (irrigation water availability and rainfall pattern) and environmental policy regulation (water taxation and subsidies). This exercise enables us to explore the range of future land use changes that are likely to occur in the study area. The results indicate that: rain-fed agriculture is expected to experience gradual but extensive abandonment; vegetable/fruit farming and pig/animal rearing are likely to stagnate or even decline; and growing of grapes is likely to expand. Thirdly, we qualitatively evaluate how future land use changes are likely to affect key ecosystem services in the study area including future agricultural production and associated local income generation, erosion control, maintenance of the groundwater table and various cultural services associated with a heterogeneous agro-ecosystem. Particular changes such as expansion of grape production will increase food production and local income at the cost of further depletion of the aquifer and increased risk of salinisation. The outcomes of the study highlight that, to be effective, the design of agri-environmental schemes and other government interventions (e.g. specific compulsory regulations on farming practices and associated water use) should carefully take into account the characteristics of the farmers within the area of interest, their land uses and the possible diversity of responses to policy and environmental drivers. Opportunities exist for future studies quantifying the extent of the impacts of ecosystem service provision through formal models combining farmers’ land use decision-making and spatially explicit modelling of landscape processes. 相似文献
55.
Rebecca A. Efroymson Virginia H. Dale Keith L. Kline Allen C. McBride Jeffrey M. Bielicki Raymond L. Smith Esther S. Parish Peter E. Schweizer Denice M. Shaw 《Environmental management》2013,51(2):291-306
Indicators of the environmental sustainability of biofuel production, distribution, and use should be selected, measured, and interpreted with respect to the context in which they are used. The context of a sustainability assessment includes the purpose, the particular biofuel production and distribution system, policy conditions, stakeholder values, location, temporal influences, spatial scale, baselines, and reference scenarios. We recommend that biofuel sustainability questions be formulated with respect to the context, that appropriate indicators of environmental sustainability be developed or selected from more generic suites, and that decision makers consider context in ascribing meaning to indicators. In addition, considerations such as technical objectives, varying values and perspectives of stakeholder groups, indicator cost, and availability and reliability of data need to be understood and considered. Sustainability indicators for biofuels are most useful if adequate historical data are available, information can be collected at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, organizations are committed to use indicator information in the decision-making process, and indicators can effectively guide behavior toward more sustainable practices. 相似文献
56.
57.
Carlos?Alonso-AlvarezEmail author Lorenzo?Pérez-Rodríguez María?Ester?Ferrero Esther?García de-Blas Fabián?Casas Francois?Mougeot 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(5):731-742
Carotenoid-based ornaments (many yellow–orange–red colourations) may signal the genetic or parental quality of the bearer. Thus, their expression could influence the amount of resources/energy that the mate will invest in the production of offspring, thereby optimising its reproductive fitness. The differential allocation hypothesis (DAH) predicts that females mated with more attractive males should lay more and better eggs. This has been explored only in few bird species with carotenoid-based traits. We tested this hypothesis in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), a gallinacean with very variable laying capacity. Both sexes display carotenoid-based ornamentation that gradually fades throughout the laying period. Here, the redness of beak and eye rings of captive males was intensified after mating by means of paint. The proportion of females that laid eggs did not differ between treatments. Amongst laying females, those mated with colour-enhanced males (experimental females) tended to lay earlier and produced significantly more eggs than controls, but of similar quality (egg mass and composition). We additionally investigated whether male attractiveness influenced egg components depending on the clutch size and laying sequence. The testosterone level in eggs from experimental females was positively related to the laying order, whereas control eggs did not show any trend. Our results provided mixed support for the DAH, but nevertheless revealed that female red-legged partridges may adjust their breeding investment according to male carotenoid-based ornamentation. 相似文献
58.
The newest results concerning the biological activity and environmental fate of anionic surfactants are collected and critically evaluated. The chemical and physicochemical parameters related to the biological activity and the field of application are briefly discussed. Examples on the effect of anionic surfactants on the cell membranes, on the activity of enzymes, on the binding to various proteins and to other cell components and on their human toxicity are presented and the possible mode of action is elucidated. The sources of environmental pollution caused by anionic surfactants are listed and the methods developed for their removal from liquid, semiliquid and solid matrices are collected. Both the beneficial and adversary effects of anionic surfactants on the environment are reported and critically discussed. It was concluded that the role of anionic surfactants in the environment is ambiguous: they can cause serous environmental pollution with toxic effect on living organisms; otherwise, they can promote the decomposition and/or removal of other inorganic and organic pollutants from the environment. The relationship between their chemical structure, physicochemical parameters, biological activity and environmental impact is notwell understood. A considerable number of data are needed for the development of new anionic surfactants and for the successful application of the existing ones to reduce the adversary and to promote beneficial effects. 相似文献
59.
Euclides Sanchez Esther Wiesenfeld Karen Cronick 《Journal of environmental psychology》1983,3(2):161-172
Environmental psychology is a new discipline in Venezuela, which is developing together with, and in response to, the conditioning social and political background of the country. A review of this background and an analysis of the present status of scientific research in the field is presented. The most frequent, and the most neglected, research fields are considered in addition to the principal direction found presently in university education, which will help to determine the formation of future professionals. It is concluded that research in the field is increasing in terms of frequency and variety of themes despite its brief history in the country. 相似文献
60.
The aim of this study was to examine the stability and distribution of the fungicide dodemorph during anaerobic digestion of biological waste, including a short subsequent aerobic treatment. Three reactor experiments were conducted. The influences of pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were further studied in batch experiments. The reactor experiments showed no decrease in the concentration of dodemorph, indicating stability of the fungicide. In connection with the results of the batch experiments, a clear pH-dependency of the partitioning of dodemorph between solid and water phase could be shown. At pH values below the pK(a) value of 7.8, protonated dodemorph molecules predominate. However, a release into the water phase was only observed at pH values of 5 and below. It can be assumed that in the pH range between 5 and 7.8 dodemorph forms bonds with carboxyl groups of organic matter. Dodemorph was not completely extractable from the solid waste matrix due to strong bonds with the organic matter. Solubilising effects by water ingredients of the process water were not apparent. 相似文献