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321.
In presenting examples from the most extensive and demanding fire in modern Swedish history, this paper describes challenges facing hastily formed networks in exceptional situations. Two concepts that have been used in the analysis of the socio‐technical systems that make up a response are conversation space and sensemaking. This paper argues that a framework designed to promote understanding of the sensemaking process must take into consideration the time and the location at which an individual is engaged in an event. In hastily formed networks, location is partly mediated through physical systems that form conversation spaces of players and their interaction practices. This paper identifies and discusses four challenges to the formation of shared conversation spaces. It is based on the case study of the 2006 Bodträskfors forest fire in Sweden and draws on the experiences of organised volunteers and firefighters who participated in a hastily formed network created to combat the fire. 相似文献
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Ola Svensson Maria Lissåker Kenyon B. Mobley 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1325-1331
When parental care is costly, parents should avoid caring for unrelated young. Therefore, it is an advantage to discriminate
between related and unrelated offspring so that parents can make informed decisions about parental care. In the present study,
we test the hypothesis that male sand gobies (Pomatoschistus minutus) recognize and differentially care for their own offspring when given a choice between a nest with sired eggs and a second
nest with eggs sired by an unrelated male. The sand goby is a species with exclusive and costly paternal care. Male parasitic
spawnings (e.g., sneaking) as well as nest takeovers by other males are common. Our results show that nests containing sired
eggs were preferred and received significantly more care, as measured by nest building and nest occupancy, than nests with
foreign eggs even when males cared for both nests. These findings suggest that males respond to paternity cues and recognize
their own clutches. Relative clutch size also had a significant effect on male parental care. When sired clutches were larger
than foreign clutches, males preferred to care for their own nest. In the few cases where males chose to take care of foreign
nests, the foreign clutch was larger than their own clutch. Taken together, our results provide evidence that both paternity
cues and clutch size influence parenting decisions among male sand gobies. 相似文献
326.
Landfills have historically been seen as the ultimate solution for storing waste at minimum cost. It is now a well-known fact that such deposits have related implications such as long-term methane emissions, local pollution concerns, settling issues and limitations on urban development. Landfill mining has been suggested as a strategy to address such problems, and in principle means the excavation, processing, treatment and/or recycling of deposited materials. This study involves a literature review on landfill mining covering a meta-analysis of the main trends, objectives, topics and findings in 39 research papers published during the period 1988-2008. The results show that, so far, landfill mining has primarily been seen as a way to solve traditional management issues related to landfills such as lack of landfill space and local pollution concerns. Although most initiatives have involved some recovery of deposited resources, mainly cover soil and in some cases waste fuel, recycling efforts have often been largely secondary. Typically, simple soil excavation and screening equipment have therefore been applied, often demonstrating moderate performance in obtaining marketable recyclables. Several worldwide changes and recent research findings indicate the emergence of a new perspective on landfills as reservoirs for resource extraction. Although the potential of this approach appears significant, it is argued that facilitating implementation involves a number of research challenges in terms of technology innovation, clarifying the conditions for realization and developing standardized frameworks for evaluating economic and environmental performance from a systems perspective. In order to address these challenges, a combination of applied and theoretical research is required. 相似文献
327.
Antonio Donateo Elena Gregoris Andrea Gambaro Eva Merico Roberto Giua Alessandra Nocioni Daniele Contini 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(15):9415-9429
In this work, an assessment of the impact of ship traffic and related harbour activities (loading/unloading of ships and hotelling in harbour) on PM 2.5 and particle number concentrations (PNC) separating the contribution associated to ship traffic from that of harbour-related activities is reported. Further, an assessment of the impact and environmental risks associated to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations was performed. Results refer to the city of Brindisi (88,500 inhabitants) in the south-eastern part of Italy and its harbour (with yearly 9.5 Mt of goods, over 520,000 passengers and over 175,000 vehicles). PM2.5 and PNC concentrations show a clear daily pattern correlated with daily ship traffic pattern in the harbour. High temporal resolution measurements and correlations with wind direction were used to estimate the average direct contribution to measured concentrations of this source. The average relative contribution of ship traffic was 7.4 % (±0.5 %) for PM2.5 and 26 % (±1 %) for PNC. When the contribution associated to harbour-related activities is added, the percentages become 9.3 % (±0.5 %) for PM2.5 and 39 % (±1 %) for PNC. In the site analysed, air coming from the harbour/industrial sector was richer in PAHs (5.34 ng/m3) than air sampled from all directions (3.89 ng/m3). The major compounds were phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, but the congener profiles were different in the two direction sectors: air from the harbour/industrial sector was richer in phenanthrene and fluorene, which are the most abundant PAHs in ship emissions. Results showed that lighter PAHs are associated to the gas phase, while high molecular weight congeners are mostly present in the particulate phase. The impact on the site studied of the harbour/industrial source to PAHs was 56 % (range, 29–87 %). 相似文献
328.
Pavel Tlustoš Michal Hejcman Martin Hůlka Michaela Patáková Eva Kunzová Jiřina Száková 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(23):23561-23572
Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants. 相似文献
329.
Cochrane Logan Cundill Georgina Ludi Eva New Mark Nicholls Robert J. Wester Philippus Cantin Bernard Murali Kallur Subrammanyam Leone Michele Kituyi Evans Landry Marie-Eve 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(5):1553-1561
Regional Environmental Change - The reality of global climate change demands novel approaches to science that are reflective of the scales at which changes are likely to occur, and of the new forms... 相似文献
330.
Ringler Max Szipl Georgine Hödl Walter Khil Leander Kofler Barbara Lonauer Michael Provin Christina Ringler Eva 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2017,71(8):1-14
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - Colony size is an important predictor of annual survival and reproduction in social insects. By tracking monthly forager turn over, we measured the... 相似文献